Software Piracy Essay -- Computer Software Copyright Violation

Softw ar Piracy Softw be piracy is the copying and selling of copyrighted software. There are many types of software that can be pirated including operating systems, application programs, internet downloads, including music, software, or movies. Many people do this knowing that they are partaking in something wicked however some people have no clue that they are breaking the law. In some cases a person may have unwittingly purchased pirated software. The consequences of having or distributing pirated software can be serious in some cases. Software piracy is a common practice that can be slow avoided. Software piracy is an equal offense to downloading of music, movies, books, magazines, or any other copyrighted material. It is as simple as downloading a program from the internet, or victimization a friends copy of Office. Software piracy can also be as complex as a computer stack away re-selling software with a fake or counterfeit product key or regis tration code. To avoid this look out for software that seems less dearly-won than it should be or software that comes with a key generator. If you suspect software piracy you can contact, The Software & Information Industry Association, on their website http//www.siia.net/piracy. On their website they are actually offering rewards of up to $50,000 to any person that reports a company that is using pirated software. People partake in software piracy because it as an informal way out of purchasing software. Some software programs can cost over a thousand dollars, whereas some only cost twenty or thirty dollars. Software piracy has said to have begun around the 1960s. Over time it has grown and it accounts for 25% - 50% of software curr... ...83%Tunisia82%Kenya80%Thailand80%Nicaragua79%El Salvador79%Bolivia78%Guatemala77%Lebanon74%Romania73%Morocco73%Honduras73%India73%Philippines72%Venezuela70%Works Cited mark About Piracy. Prevent Software Piracy. 2005. Intuit. 8 November 2005. . What is Piracy? Anti Piracy. 2005. The Software & Information Industry Association. 8 November 2005. . Massachusetts Man Pleads Guilty in clean Hampshire Software Piracy Conspiracy. Software Piracy. 2005. U.S. Department of Justice. 8 November 2005. .

Computer Hacking :: essays papers

Computer HackingPrecis of Whos reading your E-mailThe article exposes the vulnerability of computing machine data and ofcorporations with the popularity of the Internet. The Internet canallow hackers access to any estimator in the world, with understatedease. Break-ins can go virtually undetected.Major corporations and government gage departments haveacknowledged that hacker break-ins be out of control. Some companiesare too fearful to join networks because of this. Software programsbrought out to rent with the growing problem, such(prenominal) as firewalls, are nolonger totally effective. New technology has been developed such asPilot Network Services (offering supervised Internet access)Netranger (a monitor crook used by Pentagon) and Encrypton(software that jumbles messages).The basics of computer warrantor (using difficult passwords, andguarding of data) are not being met in a disturbingly large number ofAmerican companies surveyed. A new bill demands that system operato rsbecome responsible for security. Hackers can be prosecuted (withsubsequent heavy penalties) only if the exposed company has activelyshown that it was security conscious. Further more, exposed companiesare liable to other companies if their lack of security precautionsallowed their computer network to become an opening for other companybreak-ins.Companies are dis-inclined to repute breaches in security as it denotesa poor image and highlights their vulnerability. Clients demandsecurity, and lack of it will send them elsewhere.Billions of dollars annually is spent on protection devices. Others areutilizing the expertise of former convicted hackers to fine tune andupdate their security features. It is a case of befriending the enemyin order to learn more. These hackers come out of remnant with a readymarket for their expertise, and great financial rewards.The explosion of the Internet use, and networks around the world havebrought with it a need for greater security consciousness a mongst itsusers and systems operation managers. Technology needs to beconstantly updated in the war against the ever-growing insidious andmalicious hacker.Precis of Hackers Taking a byte out of computer crime by W. Roush.Roush discusses the changing face of computer crime with the advent ofthe modem and stricter laws. The article touches on the effect thesechanges are having on hackers themselves, and the measures that are putin place to deal with the problem. It also explores the common groundwhich hackers and computer security experts agree on.In the 1960s the dictionary definition of a hacker was that of acomputer virtuoso. Hackers comprised of young, computer literate andrebellious gangs vying for the status symbol image and thrill ofbreaking into a computer network.This all changed with the popularity of the modem and an increasing

Imagery and Themes in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- Epic Gilgamesh es

Historical Context - Imagery and Themes Rosenberg notes that Gilgamesh is probably the worlds first human hero in literature (27). The Epic of Gilgamesh is based on the life of a probably real Sumerian king named Gilgamesh, who ruled about 2600 B.C.E. We learned of the Gilgamesh myth when several clay tablets written in cuneiform were discovered descent in 1845 during the excavation of Nineveh (26). We get our most complete version of Gilgamesh from the hands of an Akkadian priest, Sin-liqui-unninni. It is unknown how much of the tale is the invention of Sin-liqui-unninni, and how much is the original tale. The flood story, which appears in the Sin-liqui-unninni version, is probably based on an actual flood that occurred in Mesopotamia around 2900 B.C.E. (26). The Sumerian culture influenced the entire Near East (Swisher 13). The success of their culture was mutually beneficial on the agricultural viability of the field of honor. Every year there were floods which provided rich silt for successful farming that encouraged the people to stay in the same area year after year instead of migrating to find new areas for crops (19). There are indications that the Sumerians were composed of two different peoples which mingled in the same area. The Semites are believed to pack mixed with the Highlanders. The Semites were patriarchal hunters and more warlike than the Highlanders. The Highlanders were matriarchal and peaceful. Swisher suggests that there is evidence of both social groups and that the combination of the two led to changes in the perception of the roles of the gods and goddess as well as the men and women (21). Sumer was originally small groups of people that eventually grew to form cities. As a country it included 13 ... ...der to receive never-failing life. The apparent belief in an afterlife which is indicated by the burial with useful objects may show that eternal life is achieved after physical death. The Flood - reco unted by Utanapishtim is representative of the purification of human life by the gods. Their transgressions are swept away (with most of the population) and they are reborn into a fresh, new world and human relationship with the gods. Ark - the symbol of the gods love of the humans and their interest in preserving the human race. We also identified five themes in the Epic of Gilgamesh Conflict between chaos and order, delineated by nature and civilization Mans quest for immortality and knowledge Dealing with loss Male bonding/brotherhood Heroism (mans victory over nature).

Revolution Girl-style Now! Essay -- essays research papers fc

Revolution Girl-Style Now belly laugh Grrrls were in the first place born out of the Punk scene where rebellionwas expressed in attitude, appearance, style, and music. Defining Riot Grrrl is oft like defining Punk. There is no central organization, no authoritivedefinition, just an attitude concerned with pointing out social hypocrisy andempowering people to do it yourself, creating a culture of their own when theysee that the mainstream media does not reflect their concerns or provide outletsfor their efforts. Riot Grrrl is a supportive environment for girls and youngwomen which is concerned with feminist issues such as rape, abortion rights,bulimia/anorexia, sexism, sexuality, double standards, self-defense, fatoppression, classism, and racism. Riot Grrrl is a network of fanzines that areproduced by the angry girl revolutionaries who identify with the music that isassociated with Riot Grrrl. The fanzines, self-designed and self-written,uncensored and uninhibited photocopied publ ications, are often intenselypersonal. That personal outlet is translated to larger political action when thefanzines are available to the public, bringing people unneurotic for conventionsand other consciousness-raising activities. The ethos is about supporting eachother and empowering each other. In actuality, Riot Grrrl is a frame of mind.Its a way for them to come together in a common cause Revolution Girl-StyleNow. Since no specific person or people claim they created it, Riot Grrrl hasmeant many things to many people. to the highest degree girls do not attempt to define it anymore.EVERY GRRRL IS A RIOT GRRRL. All you need is a healthy dose of pissed-of-nessat the treatment of womyn in our society. We are NOT all punk, all white, alllesbians, all musicians, all fanzine editors, all vegetarians, all victims ofabuse, all straight edge. There is no stereotypical Riot Grrrl. (Knight 9)The former(a) Riot Grrrl scene was a loose-knit affiliation of feminist Punks,formed circa 1991 in Olympia, Washington and Washington D.C. The philosophy of do it yourself and you can do anything seemed to apply for the most part to boys, whowere the ones making the music and dictating the styles. By the early 90s, moreand more girl bands started springing up, but ironically they found themselvesbattling sexism and discrimination within a movement originally based in aconsciousness about youth ... ...ther in acommon cause Revolution Girl-Style Now.BibliographyCarlip, Hillary. Girl Power youngish women speak out. New York Warner Books, Inc.,1995"Grrrls kick ass". Online. Available HTTP http//www. Micoks.net80/tiffani/girl.htmlHanok, Emily. The Girl Within. New YorkFawcett Books, 1989Knight, Zain. Luster fanzine. San Fransisco. Madhu.. "Riot Grrrl". Online.Available HTTP http//www.angelfire.com/nj/alienshe/grrrl.htmlOrviro, Rachel. "I Am a Girl". Online. Available HTTPhttp//www. voiceofwomen.com/sac/girl.html. Pipher, Mary, Ph.D. RevivingOphelia Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York      Ballantine Books,1995 "REVOLUTION GIRL STYLE NOW". Online. Available HTTPhttp//www. Smu.edu/hnovales/girl.html Sam."I AM XL & PROUD". Kingfish fanzine. SanDiego. Spirit. "What is a RiotGrrrl anyway?". Online. Available HTTPhttp//www. columbia.edu80/ril 3/music-html/bikini kill/girl.html "SoWhat the heck is Riot Grrrl?". Online. Available HTTPhttp//www. indieweb.com/riotgrrrl/rg-perplexed.html Wilson, Jodi.Crisco fanzine. San Fransisco.

Teenage Binge Drinking in the United Kingdom :: essays research papers

Binge drinking is becoming ridiculous in the UK. I take that the real consequences from binge drinking is the amount of furiousness caused by it on the streets. I believe the majority of people binge drinking and causing violence are young adults and the groups of teenagers also known as charvers.This paper is mainly going to express my views on the teenagers (charvers) binge drinking as I am also a teenager and withhold alot of companionship ab come forward these people. Charvers are also the teenagers that bully people at school, steal cars, fight in large numbers and binge drink through out the week and look foward to drinking and fighting on the weekends.These people also think that the way to build their repuatation is to be a rebel, set them selves about, fight, pay no respect to anyone but people who supply them with stuff they want and cause trouble. These teenagers are the group of teenagers normally to wear hoodies, caps, berghauses, and took their trousers into their so cks. They dress like this as they believe doing so will make people recognise what time of person they are also allowing them to gain a better reputation.So, these are the people i experience commit the most binge drinking and violence resulting from it. As i have mentioned they enjoy fighting and binge drinking for different reasons. Therefore i believe there should deffinetly be more strict punishments when teenagers are court drinking on the streets. At the moment teenagers found drinkin have their names pickings or are taking home. For many teenagers (charvers)this doesnt bother them as it builds their reputation and for them to be such an uncaring person they normally have incaring parents which means a visit from the police isnt really bad.

Teenage Binge Drinking in the United Kingdom :: essays research papers

Binge drinking is becoming ridiculous in the UK. I cogitate that the real consequences from binge drinking is the amount of force give away caused by it on the streets. I believe the majority of people binge drinking and causing violence are young adults and the groups of teenagers also known as charvers.This paper is mainly going to express my views on the teenagers (charvers) binge drinking as I am also a teenager and withhold alot of companionship about these people. Charvers are also the teenagers that bully people at school, steal cars, fight in large numbers and binge drink through out the week and look foward to drinking and fighting on the weekends.These people also think that the way to build their repuatation is to be a rebel, set them selves about, fight, pay no respect to anyone but people who supply them with stuff they want and cause trouble. These teenagers are the group of teenagers normally to wear hoodies, caps, berghauses, and took their trousers into their soc ks. They dress like this as they believe doing so will make people recognise what time of person they are also allowing them to gain a better reputation.So, these are the people i pure tone commit the most binge drinking and violence resulting from it. As i have mentioned they enjoy fighting and binge drinking for different reasons. Therefore i believe there should deffinetly be more strict punishments when teenagers are court drinking on the streets. At the moment teenagers found drinkin have their names fetching or are taking home. For many teenagers (charvers)this doesnt bother them as it builds their reputation and for them to be such an uncaring person they normally have incaring parents which means a visit from the police isnt really bad.

Juvenile Delinquency Factors Pertaining to Criminal Behavior Essay

This was pounded home in this statement made by interpreter Bobby Scott who said, Giving a 10-year mandatory minimum for a second offense fist fight is not going to reduce the chance that someone result be stabbed 16 times when you are not funding any of the programs that are desperately needed to actually reduce juvenile crime. Juveniles are the future so it is important that we look at typeface of criminal bureau within this age group.In order to provide them with bug outlets that influence their chance on life and futures and this can only be done if we know what it is that has influenced their life thus far and how we can implement things into their environment that will deviate their outlook. The first place to look is the family because these are usually the people that the closest and usually the most influential on young people. According to David P. Farrington a prof of Criminology research has shown that 53 percent of 1,000 adults when asked what they perceived to b e the main cause of violence, they agreed it was lack of discipline.And according to Professor Farrington academic research performed in 1997 support the earlier finding. Discipline in the school system was also a factor according to about 15 % of those same adults. The other factors for juvenile ill-doing in this research were poverty, violence on television, broken homes as well as drugs and alcohol. This research had to then divide the family influences into six different categories. The first says that woebegone and antisocial fryren are usually influenced by parents and siblings that are antisocial and or criminal.The greatest influence among 400 males that research was performed on found that males between eighter from Decatur years old and 48 was the convicted father and 63% of those with convicted fathers ended up being convicted as well. In a akin research on families with twofold minorren it was seen that the older children were convicted more much than younger sibl ings and only 6% percent of these families ended up with all the children being convicted. What we see here is that home is often times the start of delinquency because problems at home can affect other areas in a childs life.At times though other areas of the childs life can affect his or her behavior and whitethorn not have anything to do with home life although family may see some differences in the child but not know what has caused the behavior or ignore it thinking this maybe something that the child would out grow. That behavior though at times can a childs way of crying out for champion or attention. Some other things that may trigger delinquency are failure or poor academic levels in school. This can cause frustration and lack of attendance, outburst that can racetrack to a child being expelled from school.Poor social skills leaving a child feeling unwanted or unable to blend in with his or her peers may cause the child to withdraw and not be able to ask for jock or act just the opposite and act out drawing attention to their self or have violent outburst which increases the likely hood that the child will drop out of school or be expelled. Substance abuse is high risk factor for these children in a few different ways. The main thing is that drugs and alcohol tend to cause a temporary relief of the mental or even physical anguish that the child sees their self going through.This usually puts the child in hand with someone that encourages the behavior for the sake of profit but uses guile to fabricate a relationship causing the child to think that he or she is important. This soul then enables the addiction to the substances and often times contribute to the illegal behaviors by encouraging the child to sell drugs for him or her. This is done by different promoter of trickery such as telling them they need a favor done or the main one is tempting the child with the prospect of earning gold to help them or their family.This is a great attraction to the child that comes from a broken home and living in poverty for they see it as way of helping to support the family. This type of behavior is also seen in areas that are prone to gangs. They entice the younger child in because they are easier to manipulate. They make the child feel that they are a part of a bigger family and tell them they understand better than their own parents at times. The gang encourages criminal activity to help finance the gang and use violence to protect the gang.This means that the younger the child the easier it is to mold them into their way of thinking. These many times end up with the child being put in danger that may lead to injury and regrettably at times even death. Today we have some programs that help with child delinquency but at times or in some areas thither are not enough resources or programs out there to provide better alternatives. This may be the lack of finances and other reasons may include fear caused by gang activity, threats and or violence.

The Proposed Pilot Based Estimation Methods

The Proposed buffer Based Estimation MethodsChapter ThreeThe Proposed Pilot Based Estimation MethodsIntroductionIn this chapter, threesome proposed pilot allotment harmonys would be discussed. The three proposals depends upon the pilot subcarrier distribution over the OFDM symbols with regard to some(prenominal) time-frequency allotment. The allotment would change for the same allotment proposal as different figure of pilots ar used to keep different body public presentations. By analyzing those public presentations, a tradeoff based results can be used to take most optimal set for the needed system specifications, i.e. channel position and transmittal demands. Furthermore, those specifications can be changed during transmittal period harmonizing to the magnetic declination in channel position or the alteration in transmittal demands by merely delegating a search tabular array for the system algorithm, i.e. Flexible Pilot Insertion .The Proposed MethodsThree pilot allotment a greements atomic number 18 proposed and simulated to analyze system public presentation for them. Fixed Pilot Allocation, Random Pilot Allocation and fretwork Pilot Allocation.Fixed Pilot AllocationsIn this OFDM symbol agreement, the pilot subcarriers are distributed in a mode that keeps there locations fixed for wholly the OFDM symbols along whole the transmittal period. This allotment is similar to comb-type pilot agreement except that the infinites between the pilots are non needfully the same. The locations of pilot subcarriers of distributively figure of pilot set ( NP) are predefined in both sender and receiving system, therefore channel appraisal and insertion can took topographic point. Below figure 3.1 shows the proposed fixed pilot allotment agreement over frequency-time sphere for the 64-Subcarrier OFDM system.Subcarrier8 pilotsOFDM Symbol16 pilotsOFDM Symbol24 pilotsOFDM Symbol32 pilotsOFDM Symbol40 pilotsOFDM Symbol1PhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus2 CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus3CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferol4CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus5CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus6CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol7CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus8CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol9CalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus10PhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol11CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus12CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorus13CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol14CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorus15CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus16CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol17CalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus18CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus19PhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol20CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorus21CalciferolPhosph orusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol22CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus23CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferol24CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus25CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus26CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol27CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus28PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol29CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus30CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus31CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferol32CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus33CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus34CalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol35CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus36CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol37PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus38CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus39CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol40CalciferolCalciferolPhosp horusCalciferolPhosphorus41CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol42CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorus43CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol44CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus45CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus46PhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol47CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus48CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorus49CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol50CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus51CalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferol52CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus53CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus54CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol55PhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus56CalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol57CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorus58CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol59CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhos phorusPhosphorus60CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus61CalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorus62CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol63CalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus64PhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPilot SubcarrierCalciferolDatas SubcarrierFigure 3.1 Fixed Pilot Allocation Frequency-Time ArrangementRandom Pilot AllocationsIn this OFDM symbol agreement, the pilot subcarriers are distributed indiscriminately over each OFDM symbol, while the figure of are kept the same which is specified by the NPset that used. The chief benefit of such allotment is randomness might increase the chance of sliceing unpredictable edition in both frequency-selective and time-variant channel. This method shows really important public presentation for utilizing different figure of pilot for channel appraisal, which would be efficient for aggressive channels. However, as the sender generates random locations for pilots in each OFDM symbol, those location must be sent to the receiving system, so it can utilize those locations tones as pilots for appraisal. Below figure 3.2 illustrates the achievable Random pilot allotment agreement over frequency-time sphere for the OFDM system.PhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPh osphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalcifero lPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusPhosphorusPilot SubcarrierCalciferolDatas SubcarrierFigure 3.2. Frequency-Time Random Pilot AllocationLattice Pilot AllocationsFor the Lattice pilot agreement, pilot subcarriers are inserted along both the clip and frequence axes. This pilot distribution in both clip and frequence axes facilitate both time-frequency sphere insertions for channel appraisal. However, the proposed distribution is differs from the traditional Lattice agreement by that the pilot spacing along frequence axis are non the same. The pilot places are predefined for each NPset. While for the clip axis, the pilots rear the whole OFDM subcarriers by switching their location with each OFDM symbol. Therefore with a specific clip period, the whole subcarriers would been used as pilot tones for preparation. The form for each NPset are known and stored in the receiving system, so it can utilize this form for channel appraisal on the accurate pilot locations. Here once more, the chief benefit for this allotment is to guarantee tracking the fluctuation in both frequency-selective and time-variant channel instead than maintain utilizing the same subcarriers for pilot dozenss, which might neglect to track frequency-selective channels. Below figure 3.3 shows the proposed Lattice pilot allotment agreement over frequency-time axes for the OFDM system.Subcarrier40-Subcarriers Pilot32-Subcarriers Pilot24-Subcarriers Pilot16-Subcarriers Pilot8-Subcarriers Pilot1PhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol2CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol3PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol4CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosp horusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol5PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol6CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol7PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferol8PhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorus9PhosphorusPhosphorusPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalcife rolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol10CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol11PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol12CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol13PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferol14CalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhos phorusCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolCalciferolPhosphorusCalciferolCalciferol15PhosphorusCalciferolPhosphorusEssay Writing returns Fully referenced, delivered on clip, Essay Writing Service.Assignment Writing Service Everything we do is focussed on composing the best possible assignment for your exact demandsTaging Service Our Marking Service will assist you pick forth the countries of your work that need betterment.View our servicesFree APA Referencing Tool Create your 6th Edition APA mentions rapidly, easy and for freeFree Harvard Referencing Tool Our free online Harvard Referencing Tool makes citing easy.Free Vancouver Referencing Tool Get assistant with your Vancouver referencing with our free online tool.Free Study Guides Everything you need to cognize during your surveiesTopographic point an order now Our experts are waiting to assist you with your essayOur experts can assist you with your essay inquiryGet down your orderNo thanksRequest Removal If you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to hold the essay published on the UK Essays web site so delight mouse click on the nexus below to bespeak remotionRequest the remotion of this essay

Theory of aging

Ageing or aging is the process of getting aged. Age is commonly taken into account in complaisant interaction and age differentiation is commonly a basis for eachocating complaisant roles and resources. A theory of aging or a formal intervention strategy, by its very nature as a tender-hearted activity, always contains a story with implicit and explicit meanings or ontological images of human nature, its development and its teleology. This phrase focuses the social, cultural, and economic effects of ageing.Aging is an important part of all human societies reflecting the biological removes that occur, but also reflecting cultural and societal conventions. Age is usually, but completely arbitrarily, measured in years and a persons birthday is often an important event. As a feature of social change and as an aspect of social stratification, ageing and age groups have been seriously neglected by sociological theory. To conceptualize age groups in a multi-dimensional model of str atification this considers ageing in relation to economic class, political entitlement, or citizenship, and cultural life history-styles.Theories given by many sociologists on aging argon as follows-modernisation TheoryThis is the view that the status of the elderly has dipd since industrialization and the spread of technology.Disengagement TheoryThis is the idea that separation of older people from active roles in guild is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals.Activity TheoryA view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life.Continuity TheoryThe view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life that they have developed in earlier years.Cognitive TheoryA view of aging that emphasizes individual subjective perception, rather than actual objective change itself, as the factor that determines behavior associated with advanced age .Demographic Transition TheoryThe idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization.Exchange TheoryThe idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed.The impact of social and sociocultural conditions and social consequences of the process of aging is termed as social gerontology. Normal declines in all organ systems, usually occurring after(prenominal) age 30. (The period between Birth 30 years is usually called Development or Maturation)The future of common welfare with regard to older people is being questioned in all industrial societies, thus it is more important than ever to understand the relationship between old age and public policy. Older people have been expected to adjust to the reification of age into convenient social categories for the purposes of resource distribution and rationing. It is important in health and social welfar e, the social and health deficits become translated into need, how need can be forestalled or optimum conditions created for its alleviation, and what can be done to promote the quality of life in old age by practical means.We turn to mental health theorists to elaborate our definition of life satisfaction and well-being and then to psychological interrogation to suggest how to prepare ourselves now for a good old age in the future. many a(prenominal) older people face many puzzles, without programs for the aging and the human services workers who help older people use them, many more would be in difficult circumstances.As more and more elderly love longer life spans it is likely that many of those older individuals in their sixties and seventies may have surviving partners, which is a new phenomenon in our society. Many elderly people are healthy, vital, and in good financial circumstances. The term young old categorizes the health and social characteristics of the elderly rath er than the very old. On the other hand, improvements in health care and the quality of life have made it possible for people to live longer.On the other hand, for many older people survival into old age is not a blessing. Many suffer from poverty isolation, and no productivity. The large population has become a problem for society, as we have not created channels for productive use of leisure time and means for old people to meet their own needs successfully. On the whole, our society is ill prepared to cope with the increasing number of older people.To work successfully with older people, it is important to understand their social status at present in relation to changes that have occurred in this century. In addition, it is important to understand the aging process and the strengths and weaknesses of people in the later phases of life in grapple with their status and problems. In the eastern cultures respect for old age, the elderly were given status and power of life and death over the young, possibly old age was a better time of life than young adulthood. Many of these ancient values have transcended time and exist today in Eastern cultures, where the elderly are generally revered and, therefore, are well cared for by the society as a whole.Aging is a disease that reaches all of us, but its symptoms can be postponed with the proper combination of diet, supplementation and exercise.Reference1. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare-By University of Connecticut School of Social Work, Hesperian Michigan University College of Health and Human Services, Western Michigan University School of Social Work2. Enduring Questions in GerontologyBy Debra J. Sheets, Dana Burr Bradley, Jon Hendricks3. Policies for an Aging conjunctionBy David L. Shactman4. Housing an Aging Society Issues, Alternatives, and PolicyBy Robert J. Newcomer, Mortimer Powell Lawton, Thomas O. Byerts5. Aging Families and Use of Proverbs for Values EnrichmentBy Vera R. Jackson6. Ageing, Stat us Politics and sociological Theory Bryan S. Turner

Internet gambling Essay

bid online is growing exp superstarntially, without the protection of reliable regulatory structures that view epoch and identity verification, the integrity/fairness of the games, or that responsible gaming features atomic number 18 included on a localize. In a poorly regulated Internet environment, this orbit investigates bid on twenty online sites. capability abbreviation was apply to evaluate whether the savor displayed responsible looseness features.In the absence of established, agreed, regulatory evaluation criteria, the researchers constructed their own, based on examples of good practice on available websites and adja cent the advocateations of the Gambling Review Report 2001 and the Gambling Act 2005. The primary findings suggest that most online playing period sites atomic number 18 responsible and most show elements of good practice, which is of engross given the unregulated environment and absence of policing.While some features are derived from conventi onal play policies and regulatory influences, some are unique to the special honorable risks of period of play on line. Web designers and commissioning organisations appear to have anticipated social criticisms by incorporating guards against unethical outcomes before regulatory controls have been imposed. As the impossibleness of regulating/controlling the Internet is a common cliche in many commentators psychoanalysis, this self-importance regulation and willingness to refrain from taking revenue from vulnerable punters, is intriguing.The authors recommend further research to establish an accurate picture, including the size and characteristics of the UK online manoeuvre market. Secondly, to culture and compare online swordplay with more traditional trends of romp in terms of nonaged and bother gambling. More studies need to investigate which forms of responsible gambling are most effective in reducing small and difficulty gambling. Lastly, the response of the persever ance to legislation and micro regulation would be a guide for policy makers and responsible industry practitioners. IntroductionSince the change magnitude popularity of Internet access into homes and tameplaces in the first nineties, Internet gambling opportunities have expanded at a surprisingly swift pace and more people are gambling online (Wood, Williams and Lawton, 2007). The unregulated constitution and uncontrollability of the Internet, with low or no tax gambling, have created a perfect environment for the proliferation of gambling (Crist and Yeager, 1998). Anyone, anytime, anywhere with a electronic computer, a connection, and a credit control panel can encounter at hundreds of different online gambling websites.Recent statistics state there are as many as 2,500 gambling websites currently run consisting of 1,083 online casinos, 592 sports and race-books, 532 poker rooms, 224 online bingo sites, 49 skill game sites, 30 betting exchanges, 25 lottery sites and 17 back gammon sites ( cassino City, 2006). Gamcare (2008) state that the number of Internet gambling websites is most 3,000. By 12 September 2007, the Gambling Commission had received only 146 applications for operating licences that include provision for online gambling, a minute proportion of the 2,500 sites worldwide.Internet gambling revenues in a single year were $651 million in 1998, more than double the estimated $300 million from 1997 (Sinclair,1999). Further, the global Internet gambling industry is compute to grow from about $9,000 million in 2004 to $25,000 million in 2010 (European Commission, 2006). If the estimated figures are accurate, then the importance of Internet gambling will continue to rise. Gambling presents a large set of negative social consequences and online gambling has its own challenges beyond those of gambling in general introducing many new potential conundrums and rekindling many senior ones (Griffiths,1999).Internet and land based casinos have problems detecting and deterring addicted gamblers. Even with the opportunity presented to physically verify age in conventional gambling outlets, no gambling jurisdiction is 100% effective in keeping out minor(ip) gambling (Gambling Online Magazine, 2004). It is feared that the anonymity chaped by the Internet will exacerbate this problem. Computer-based systems intromit gamblers to self-exclude or establish loss limits and may stand a better chance of being effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos.Whilst a determined gambler can move from site to site, reports of actors activities can be made readily available with contact details for bodies that select to assist those with problem gambling issues. However, offline and online operators other than those regulated in the UK, do not collect nurture about a customers financial situation, spending or habits, for both realistic and protection of privacy reasons. A person who has developed a problem must(prenomin al)(prenominal) identify it themselves and take their own constructive step to deal with it.Operators only train staff to help those who believe they have a problem and approach customer services. Presently there is no well-rounded research or definitive standard as to how to identify someone who has developed a gambling problem. The prevailing view is that it is the minority of thespians who develop gambling problems. The current regulatory response to this issue is influenced by this perspective (EGBA, 2007). The Growth of Internet Gambling Several factors have contributed to the growth of online gambling. Internet access has increased globally and technologies that drive the Internet have improved.Confidence in conducting financial transactions online has increased and some governments have licensed online operators within their borders. The personal computer ex die hards the range of choice. Land-based casinos dictate which games are available to players. Online gambling le ts players move through cyberspace to play the games they prefer. The Internet provides the highest level of anonymity for conducting gambling. The more pervasive use up has been that the Internet attracts people away from person-to-person contact, fostering alienation and real-world disconnection (Boase, 2006). The costs of establishing online sites are considerably less than those of land-based gambling operations. Flatt (1998) has estimated as little as $135,000. Problem Gambling The ability to gamble anonymously provides problem gamblers with a safe haven without physical scrutiny or surveillance (Scharf and Corrin, 2002). Problem gambling is categorised as an addiction. A severe disorder characterised by obsessive thoughts of gambling, a loss of control, practically involving lying and stealing in order to incur gambling losses. As well as other negative consequences (Netemeyer,1998).Specific to Internet Gambling is the role that technology contributes to alteration in gamb ling habits (Griffiths, 1999). thither are no regulated opening times, as exercised by terrestrial operations. It has been argued that there is an exodus from reality, in the sense that gambling online does not carry real cash. A gambler may lose control as he or she cannot see a money balance and does not suffer a physical loss. Online gambling loses the social aspect of gambling creating the disadvantage that there are no friends or peers to discourage a gambler from going too far (Griffiths, 1999). Underage Gambling.There is a high priority of protecting children from online gambling, considered more addictive than conventional forms of gambling, because of young peoples familiarity with and access to computer-based technologies (Conway and Koehler, 2000). They have a perception of control resulting from their skills honed playing turnStation or interactive video games, and may have a false sense of trade protection boosted by their fluency (Mackay, 2004). Another concern is t hat underage gamblers have easy access to sites and to forms of gambling, from which they otherwise would be excluded by conventional outlets. Many sites offer a demo mode, i.e. play without wagering money.It is suspected that demo games may give really good odds. Adolescents who are successful on these games could develop a habit which continues when they die adulthood and are goodly permitted to gamble for money, when the odds are no greater so favourable (Mackay, 2004). Regulation Gambling in its various forms is often seen as a deeply-rooted trait of the human activity, which although a source of gratification for many and not innately immoral, can cause harm to individuals. Gambling has long been subject to regulation by governments, reflecting moral, religious and political mores.A pragmatic motivation for such regulation is to generate revenue, which might result in a conflict of interest in regulatory regimes, as the industry grows. The objective of regulation can vary f rom protecting consumers by ensuring the probity and integrity of the gambling operators and the purging of fraud and abuse of criminal activities, such as money laundering, to reduction of the social cost of problem gambling. There is a gap in the literature concerning the efficacy of regulation. Regulation of online gambling is a comparatively new phenomenon and it is too early to legal profession its effectiveness.There are debates about appropriate licensing frameworks, legal and technical standards for operators and cover issues, such as protection of customer funds, continuous and repetitive play and intervention to tackle problem gambling. Methodology Content analysis, select for this study, has been defined as a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many course of text into fewer subject fieldedness categories based on explicit rules of coding (Krippendorff, 1980). Content analysis has four key advantages it is unobtrusive it is flexible and applicable to u nstructured materials it is context sensitive. it can be applied to large amounts of data. The lack of research applying content analysis to websites is partially a result of the complexity of Internet information, in particular the definition of a website, the unit of analysis and the method of sampling. A major(ip) problem in conducting Internet content analysis is related to defining the term website. With a large volume of information on a website, it becomes infeasible to analyse the whole website. Therefore, parts of the website, the units of analysis, must be chosen for evaluation.In addition to size, websites differ in purpose, structure and content, therefore selecting a unit of analysis consistently across all samples is highly problematic (Ha and James, 1998). Coding an entire website is difficult and can introduce bias based on size. Selecting the unit of analysis is not an easy task as the volume of data can overwhelm the researcher. In this study the first step was to decide on the sample. The sample consisted of the top twenty most popular online gambling sites visited in Britain, according to www. gambling. com, www. cam-orl. co. uk.Internet-betting-online. html and www. ukcasinoguide.org. uk . The sites were accessed and coded during a period of three days, in February 2006. The term website was applied on a general level, defined as a collection of pages or files uniteed together and available online.The unit of analysis was the homepage, plus exercising pecks. The study attempted to limit the analysis to the homepage. However, it was decided that the content available on a homepage was too limited and did not necessarily reflect the breadth and r to each oneing of content available on the whole website. The study experimented with gambling sites. A commonality of approaches indicated prima facie industry norms.The study observed evidence of good practice. The content of the websites was evaluated by characteristics providing factua l information and of responsible gambling. The coding template was based on possible features associated with each of the two categories and was utilize to record the content of each website, within the unit of analysis. Ratings were based on how difficult it was to locate information. More drill downs meant the information was harder to find and scored a lower rating. It was believed that the more easily regain and extensive the information, the more an online gambling operator was committed to responsible gambling.Reliability and Validity The reliability of a study involving content analysis refers to the stability and reproducibility of the results (Stemler, 2001). Stability requires researchers to code the data consistently. According to Weber (1990), concerns regarding reliability often stem from the ambiguity of word meanings, category definitions, or other coding rules. The asperity of a study involving content analysis is determined by the extent to which the definitions (included in the tool) reflect the sub-categories. The rigor of categories is enhanced by the inclusion of many words to arrive at the same judgment.For example, the words gambling and betting were considered interchangeable. One of the primary reasons to conduct content analysis is to collect objective information. Therefore, the study find outd that the role was clearly laid out and defined. It was consistently applied to the sample. The following three steps were taken to enhance the reliability and validity of the studys findings and to ensure that the information gathered was objective. First, to enhance the reliability of the results, afterward the tool was applied to the website, the coder re-coded the website on the same day to ensure accuracy.Second, the coding scheme was tried and true to ensure the suitability of the categories and the overall reliability of the tool. It was important that the list of variables was exhaustive and mutually exclusive in order to avoid any confusion. Lastly, to improve the validity of the results, the definitions were reviewed and expanded to ensure that there was an exhaustive list of words for each sub-category where applicable. For example, for the sub-category Addiction Help, words such as problem gambling, concerns about gambling, were included in the coding guidelines to broaden the category, sanctioning the coder to capture the data.Findings Considering the large amount of data collected, only the criteria of responsible gambling were analysed intensively. These are illustrated in Table 1. The key areas of concern, underage gambling and problem gambling are expanded in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. Sample characteristics Security Online gambling security is as good as most other e-commerce sites. There are no reported any security-related fraud (Turner, 2002). Online gambling sites know that cheating their customers is bad for business and therefore tend to be honest. The market is so competitive that the reputation of market leaders is paramount.Players are likely to switch to rival sites if practices are questionable. Payment systems are overcritical to the success of any online business and online gambling operators have their own particular challenges to face. The integrity of systems must be assured. pic Table 1 Voluntary Initiatives Systems must be secure from hackers and crackers, from both outside and from within. There are readily available codes to ensure security such as the use of encryption and digital signatures. These technologies are already in use. All sites accessed displayed secure transaction information.The dot com boom followed by the dot com crash has had Internet gambling casualties. Several Internet gambling operators have gone bankrupt. For example Netbetsports and Luvbet folded owing their customers money (Barker, 2007). These firms had a relatively high profile within the industry. Luvbet was one of the first bookmakers to promote an Internet site offerin g tax free betting. Netbetsports offered Internet customers high bet limits and tax free betting, when UK tax rates were still nine per cent. Internet gambling is expanding in ever-changing and unregulated websites (Hartman, 2007 Holahan, 2006).It is uncertain whether as an unintended consequence of domestic regulation risk taking clients might be challenged to gamble with unscrupulous vendors. This could pay off an extra excitement factor, perhaps generating worse personal consequences, than in an unregulated environment. Responsible gambling The concern with responsible gambling is the rationale of this study. It was intended to measure how online sites recognise that gambling can cause problems for customers and to investigate and record the measures to offer checks. The websites were evaluated according to how helpful responsible gambling information was.The study found no consistency in the responsible gambling information. British legislation requires mandatory procedures pro moting socially responsible gambling. This should be clear and prominent on their homepage, if it is to be effective. cardinal sites displayed responsible features on the home page or easily accessible links. Most of the remaining sites contained these features, but access was difficult, hence their lower rating. Fair shimmer and Independent Audits Fair gaming refers to sites operating honestly and responsibly, ensuring monetary deposit safety and winning bets paid in a timely manner.Fifty-five per cent of sites accessed contained information stating that they were independently audited. Independent audits confirm the percentage of payouts of games, review the output and validity of the package, that it consistently produces random results and fair outcomes of games. For example Price Coopers Waterhouse at www. roxypalace. com. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that online gambling software systems must be random-operated and tested by the Gambling Commission. Online s ites must make payments only to the credit card used to make deposits or by cheque to the player.The study looked for evidence of these recommended features. Security and honesty of transactions are as important to the supplier as the customer. A bad reputation for online gambling sites could be commercially crippling (Griffiths, 2003). Therefore the responsible features recorded here do have an economic payoff. Ethical relation An ethical code was a key bill to be assessed when visiting each site. Only one ethical code which covered policies on residence and data protection, measures restricting minors and the risks of compulsive gambling, was observed.This might be seen as a narrow interpretation of corporate social duty (CSR) focussing on legal/rule based elements. Legal safeguards are problematic, since any Internet relationship questions which law should be complied with. Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) found two-thirds of the sites they visited displayed no evidence of social responsibility and concluded that social responsibility was a low priority for online sites. Problem Gambling Social responsibility can be evidenced by attempts to offer services in a way that does not encourage repetitive play or by supporting a client with a problem. lx per cent of the websites provided problem gambling information. InterCasino UK Ethics drill down finds the website is committed to detecting and reducing compulsive gambling with Med procedures including monthly deposit limits and analysis of gambling patterns (this information was not verifable for the study). Coral Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self censure periods and access to customer exalted accounts. Platinum Play Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Spin Palace Casino Link to gambling support agenci es and facility self exclusion periods. Med City ordering Casino Link to a logical argument of encouraging sensible gambling and link to Gamblers Anonymous. slump Roxy Palace Online Casino Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low 32 Vegas Red Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Victor Chandler No link or means to be found.Nil Crazy Vegas Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods and filtering programmes. English arrest Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Casino Tropez No link or message to be found. Nil Vegas Red Casino No link or message to be found. Nil red-faced Fortune Casino Link to gambling support agencies and facilities for self-assessment tests, daily/weekly deposit limits, selfHigh exclusion periods, access to customer accounts and filtering programmes. Eurobet Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self exclusion peri ods and access to customerMed accounts. UK Casino Club About Us link leads to a Responsible Gaming Policy which offers a self-assessment test, cooling off Med periods and exclusion options. Golden Riviera Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low William Hill Casino Link to GamCare and facilities for daily/weekly deposit limits, self exclusion periods and access to customerMed accounts. Hammers Casino No link or message to be found.Nil baron Solomons Casino No link or message to be found. Nil www. 888. com Link to Gamblers Anonymous website. Low Table 3 Problem Gambling Information UK legislation requires training of gambling operators employees to identify problems and to have procedures to sensitively deal with these. Fifteen sites had problem gambling information. Five colligate to the Gamblers Anonymous website. Four sites offered assessment tests.It was not within the parameters of this study, to determine if online gambling sites follow up on tests, when a resu lt indicated a problem. Three of the sites accessed provided information relating to filtering programmes, which can block underage users. These could be found through links to other sites and there was a free trial download facility available. Self-exclusion and stick to Limits A player who feels that he or she is losing control of play and requires help in restricting access to online gambling were served by eight sites in this study that provided the facility for self-exclusion.This option was never located on the homepage and accessed only through drill downs. The study could not determine if applications were processed immediately or if self-exclusion from one site meant exclusion from multiple sites. It was unclear if these schemes required the gambler to undergo counseling assessments prior to re-admission, or if after the self-exclusion period had lapsed the player automatically was included again. The study was also not able to clarify if players who pass self-exclusion were given information about problem gambling counseling services.Computer-based systems can allow gamblers to self-exclude or establish loss limits and may stand a better chance of being effective than the current systems in most conventional casinos today. Whilst a determined gambler can move from site to site, reports of a players activities can be made readily available, with contact details for bodies that aim to assist those with problem gambling issues. Internet gambling operators are equipped to collect adequate data and information to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling (DCMS, 2006).There is the technological ability for operators to collect enough data to be able to identify patterns of problem gambling. This is a requirement of the 2005 Act. However, this is a prescription drug only for operators with a British licence and the position of the European Gambling and Betting Association (EGBA, 2007) is that it is extremely difficult to monitor and identify when someone has begun to gamble irresponsibly. Therefore according to EGBA, offline and online gambling operators should not collect information about a customers financial situation, spending or habits, for both practical and privacy issues.Operators that act on this aim to establish a responsible reputation and may see it as a competitive advantage factor. and they may infringe the principle of privacy. An issue for regulators is whether to acquire the power to compel operators to intervene in the event of identifying a problem gambler. The technical provisions in Britain for socially responsible Internet gambling have been drafted and are in the process are being applied. Assessment of the effectiveness of regulations in curbing problem gambling has yet to be done.Some sites permit customers to limit the amount of money that they are able to deposit into their account on both a daily and/or a weekly basis. It was noted that amounts may be revised downwards at any time, but increases are implemented after twenty-four hours. The online gambling operators are unable to override limits set by customers. Some sites allow access to a players full autobiography of transactions, withdrawals and deposits. The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends online sites should be required to set up facilities that enable players to set maximum stakes, limits and to self-ban.Protection of Underage Gamblers In order to ensure child safety online sites were evaluated for identity verification and exclusion facilities, such as the use of filtering software. The Gambling Review Report (2001) offers guidelines to ensure that identification standards are like to those of off-line casinos. It asserts that all players who register to play online should be properly identified before they are permitted to play. Age Verification Most sites studied required a prospective gambler to only complete a registration form in order to play.These sites rely on the player to disclose their correct age and do not verify the accuracy of the information. Underage gamblers can use their parents credit cards or even their own to register and set up accounts (Schroeder and Versch, 1998). The Gambling Review Report (2001) recommends that players who register online should be properly identified, before they are permitted to play. All sites displayed an age warning on their homepage. 32 Vegas Red wholly stated it had taken steps to ensure that their site did not attract young people and used software that stops the underage from joining.Smeaton and Griffiths (2004) have investigated underage gambling and found poor standards of verification. The concern is that many sites are not employing identity verifications systems to check the age of players and therefore allow underage play. Verification systems work by searching available government and financial databases, to find evidence to support the personal information supplied by the player. For example, credit ratings or inclusion on the electoral roll can verify that the player is of the required age. However such searching again might threaten individual privacy.InterCasino UK Logo displayed on homepage. Ethics drill down reveals site requires customers to declare that Low they are of legal age. Coral Casino Logo linked to statement that the company militia the in effect(p) to request proof of age. Med Platinum Play Casino Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult and sane as per laws of country of Med residence. Spin Palace Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med City Club Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be adult as per country of residence. Low Roxy Palace Online Casino Terms & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low 32 Vegas Red About Us drill down leads to Responsible Gaming drill down stating it is irregular for anyone High under 18 to open an account or to play and that they have taken steps to ensu re that the website does not attract young people and our website uses software that stops under 18s joining (this could not be verified by the study).Also requests responsible parenting. Victor Chandler Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult as per laws of country of residence. Med Crazy Vegas Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting. Med English Harbour Terms & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Casino Tropez Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Vegas Red Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low Ruby Fortune Casino Logo linked to statement relying on responsible parenting.Med Eurobet Casino Logo linked to statement stating the company reserves the right to request proof of age. Med UK Casino Club Responsible Gaming drill down leads to downloadable Children Protection Software and urges High responsible parenting. Golden Riviera Terms & Conditions drill down states customer must be of legal age. Low William Hill Casino Responsible Gaming drill down leads to statement that the company reserves the right to requestMed proof of age. Hammers Casino Terms of Use drill down states customer must be adult as per country of residence.Low King Solomons Casino Logo linked to statement defining the customer as adult and sane as per laws of country of Low residence. www. 888. com Link leads to statement that it is illegal for anyone under 18 to play and that they have taken High steps to discourage and track young people (this could not be verified by the study). Website recommends software supporting responsible parenting. Table 2 Age Verification Telephone Betting The Gambling Review Report (2001) states that aspects of online gambling should be more heavily regulated than conventional gambling.However, the Internets characteristics make it more difficult to regulate. This study looked for evidence of surr ound betting and considered implications of this facility. The three sites that offer the player the facility of telephone betting have a UK High Street presence. It could be argued that the reason why these organisations have added online sites to their operations is to expand opportunities. Using the BCG Matrix, the shops could be considered cash cows, well-established with high market share. The new online sites could be stars. The prospect of growth is exciting as are the opportunities (McDonald, 2002).Land-based operators provide an online presence, giving extra services for the player, the anonymity of play compared to their shops, higher levels of usibility, and possibly even more security, simply to grow their businesses, rather than to offer player protection in this feature (Johnson, 1997). Ultimately this criterion failed to help evaluate the concept of responsible on line gambling, given the virtual existence of most sites. Technical Support All sites provide 24-7 telep hone and technical support, with free numbers, player-to-technician online chatroom and email support.Every channel of communication is available to guarantee full access for a player. This measure is clearly very important to the site operators and customers. The sites are very competent in not losing customers through technical problems and offer very many points of contact. Yet the same form of in house supportive counseling service is not offered to problem gamblers. Licenses It is not illegal for British residents to gamble online, nor is it illegal for overseas operators to offer online gambling to British residents.However, the Gambling Act 2005 requires an operator to obtain a licence if they site any piece of equipment, for example a database, presentation device, or find out device in the UK, regardless of whether other devices are outside the country (DCMS, 2005). Gibraltar Canada Caribbean UK Unknown 5 7 6 1 1 .Table 4 Sources of Licenses As an example the City Club Ca sino is licensed by the Island of Curacao, but displays US and UK freefone numbers, in prominent positions on their website, which may mislead the player into thinking that the site is American or British. Another disingenuous feature is when UK appears.