Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter provides the background treatment of sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) concentrating on Chlamydia trachomatis infection since the survey is positioned within this country taking down to the specific research inquiry and aims. In add-on, sexual wellness bar and control schemes have been explored. Health has been defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as â€Å" the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and advancing wellness through organised attempts of society † ( WHO, n.d. ) . Sexual activity is known as an indispensable component of human wellness and well-being contributing to quality of grownup partnerships and a demand for natural creative activity. Yet it poses a batch of hazards to wellness through transmittal of STIs. Although pox, gonorrhea and chancroid are by and large considered as the chief STIs, assorted other pathogens are catching including Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) Herpes Papilloma Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus ( HPA, 2010 ) ( Figure 1 ) . STIs affect people of all ages with the greatest happening amongst those under the age of 25 old ages ( Nicoll, 1999 ; Johnson, 2001 ; NCSP, 2009 ) . In the UK, certain groups of populations are affected more than others therefore making sexual wellness inequalities ( HPA,2010 ; Marmott, 2010 ) . The research has delved into chiefly secondary literature from equal reviewed journal articles, books, wellness bureau or regulating organic structures ‘ studies and articles to show what past research workers have established on CI. Furthermore, sexual wellness bar and control schemes have been explored in order to put CI in a context that engages with appropriate literature.Figure 1: Number of diagnosings of selected STIs and HIV in the UK, females: 2000-20092.2 Chlamydia Infection TrendsChlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial pathogen transmitted through infected secernments and mucose membranes of urethra, neck, rectum, conjunctivae and pharynx following unprotected sexual contact with an septic spouse. An septic pregnant adult female can infect her babe during vaginal bringing. Genital Chlamydial infection is presently the most common STI in the UK with prevalence ‘s between 2 % and 12 % detected in surveies of adult females go toing general pattern ( Fenton et al. , 2001 ; Creighton et al. , 2003 ; HPA, 2010 ) . Chlamydia infection rates are disproportionately high in under 25s ( Low, 2001 ; HPA, 2010 ) . Rate of infectivity for Chlamydia at national degree for immature people aged 15-24 is one in 10 back uping the degree of sexual activity in that group ( HPA 2010 ; NHS Salford, 2010. In 2001, adult females under 20 old ages of age had reported instances of 36 % of Chlamydia. CI instances rose by 108 % during 1998 to mid-2004 ( Ryan, 2004 ) . As reported by the Department of Health ( DH ) , diagnosing of new Chlamydia and other STI diagnosed instances in the UK such as re-infections made in GUM showed a gradual rise in 1995-2009 ( Figures 2, 3 ) ( HPA, 2010 ) .Figure 2: Number of diagnosings of Chlamydia^ , England: 1995-2009Figure 3: Number of venereal Chlamydia diagnosings by sex and age group, and figure of research labs utilizing nucleic acerb elaboration trials ( NAATs ) : 1999-2008 ( females )STI informations from research lab studies in England, Wales and Scotland and Chlamydia nucleic acid elaboration trial ( NAAT ) information from the UK National External Quality Assurance Scheme ( NEQAS ) . Most people infected with Chlamydia are symptomless ( 70 % females and 50 % males ) until a diagnostic trial is performed ( HPA, 2010 ) . Chlamydia infection is important to adult females ‘s generative wellness jobs since 10-40 % of those untreated septic adult females develop PID ( Garside, 2001 ; Sweet & A ; Gibbs, 2009 ; Pippa et al. , 2010 ) . If efficient and effectual wellness steps are non administered, the disease has the potency of doing important wellness complications to adult females ‘s well-being including relentless pelvic hurting, sterility, ectopic gestation, PID, Chlamydial pneumonia of the newborn, neonatal pinkeye, pre-term labour/delivery and neonatal decease ( Figure 4 ) ( Golden, et Al, 2000 ; Simms et al. , 2000, 2007 ; Garnett, 2008 ; Oakeshott et al. , 2010 ) . There is besides greater hazard in those with repeating and untreated infections to distribute to other generative variety meats ensuing in chronic pelvic strivings ( La Montagne, et Al, 20 07 ; Evans et al. , 2009 ; Hosenfeld et al. , 2009 ) . Sweet & A ; Gibbs ( 2009 ) province that CI can besides ease HIV transmittal adding to the already long-run effects it poses.Figure 4: Chlamydial infection complicationsBeginning: HPA catching diseases surveillance Centre. The figure of diagnosed episodes of Chlamydia infection has been lifting over the past 10 old ages ( Figures 5, 6 ) . Because GUM clinic informations is skewed towards diagnostic patients and Chlamydia is extremely symptomless, prevalence is besides used to depict the epidemiology.Figure 5: Ratess of venereal Chlamydia infection adult females by age group ( 1995 – 2004 )Datas beginnings: KC60 and STISS/ISD ( D ) 5 returns from GUM clinics, United Kingdom ( HPA, London )Figure 6: Chlamydia positiveness rates in screens performed by NCSP, 2007 ( HPA, 2008 )Surveies by Pimenta et Al. ( 2003 ) and Adams et Al. ( 2005 ) support findings of highest prevalence rates of Chlamydia infection in immature adult females aged 16-24. Pimenta et Al ( 2003 ) measured prevalence of Chlamydia infections in 16-24 twelvemonth old females instead than merely reported instances from GUM clinics ( Figure 7 ) . In Portsmouth there was a 9.8 % prevalence of Chlamydia infection in 16-24 twelvemonth old adult females, with the 18-year old adult females holding the highest extremum and Wirral had 11.2 % with the 20-year old adult females holding the highest extremum ( Pimenta et al. , 2003 ) . Most of these persons from both sites would hold been incognizant of their infection and therefore at hazard of developing Chlamydial complications.Figure 7: Prevalence of Chlamydial infections, 16-24 twelvemonth old females, Portsmouth and Wirral, 1999-2000 ( Pimenta, et al. , 2003 ) .Furthermore, the economic impact of Chlamydia infections on the wellness service is tremendous with high cost in the direction of female wellness complications ( Simms, 2006 ; Skinner, 2010 ; Land et al. , 2010 ) . United kingdom costs to NHS are estimated at & gt ; ?100 million per twelvemonth ( HPA, 2010 ) . Because of the impact of CI on the wellness of immature people, it is of import to place and handle septic patients and their spouses and as a consequence cut down the load of the disease on the people and wellness systems ( Appleby et al. , 2007 ; Adams et al. , 2007 ; Low et al. , 2009 ) .2.3 Chlamydia Awareness and KnowledgeChlamydia rates of infection do vary in each part in the UK ( HPA, 2010 ) . This fluctuation may uncover the proviso of diagnostic services every bit much as disease prevalence. Unfortunately, Chlamydia trachomatis infection like most STIs brings about negative public wellness results due to its part or causes to ill-health. In the UK and other parts of the universe, CI pose tremendous challenges for public wellness such as single wellbeing, the load of wellness costs or mental wellness. Chlamydia rate of infectivity at national degree for immature people aged 15-24 is one in 10 back uping the degree of sexual activity in that group. In the UK, certain groups of populations are affected more than others therefore making sexual wellness inequalities with immature people bearing the greatest load by being disproportionately affected by CI ( Figure 8, Table 2-4 ) ( NCSP, 2009 ; Marmott, 2010 ; HPA, 2010 ) .Figure 8: Age-specific distribution of the rate of diagnosed with Chlamydia at STI clinics, England: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 2: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by gender, male sexual orientation, age group and patient state: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 3: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by gender, male sexual orientation, age group and patient SHA: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 4: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by continent of birth: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )2.4 Sexual Behaviour: Chlamydia InfectionAlthough sex has become safer to a important extent through the usage of rubbers, Chlamydia rates significantly increased in recent old ages in the UK preponderantly from assorted factors like sexual hazard behaviors and hapless infection control. It has become a major public wellness concern as highlighted in the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV ( DH, 2001 ) . The 15-24 twelvemonth age group comprises merely 12 % of the population but has the largest diagnosing of STI instances of about 50 % of freshly acquired infections. Control of Chlamydia infection is complicated since it is symptomless. The sexual behavior of the population is an of import determiner of the rates of STIs. The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles II identified sexual behavior as the hazard of geting an STI in the immature age groups ( McDowall et al. , 2006 ) . The factors included low age at clip of first sexual intercourse, frequent changing of spouses, increased likeliness of being involved with coincident partnerships, irregular usage of rubbers and the increased opportunities of being involved with a spouse who comes from a portion of the universe other than UK that is regarded every bit high hazard ( Figure 9 ) ( Hughes, 2000 ; Johnson, 2001, Mueller, 2008 ; Waylen, 2009 ; Skinner, 2010 ) . The immature people appear to be the cardinal portion of the hazard of go throughing on the infection to other groups of the population. Thus bar should be largely targeted at this nucleus group which would ensue in economic benefits.Figure 9: Chlamydia prevalence by hazard factors 2003  œ non GUM scenes( Montagne et al. , 2004 ) .A survey by Shiely et Al. ( 2010 ) proved that expedited spouse therapy ( EPT ) offer decreases in hazards of repeating or continual CI in straight persons, and heightening the per centum of those sex spouses who obtain intervention. Thus EPT was revealed as better than standard spouse referral over an extended scope of socio-demographic and behaviourally typical subgroups. Behavioural intercessions might be limited because picks about behavior are controlled by local context and civilization. Smedley and Syme ( 2000 ) province that, â€Å" It is clear that behaviour alteration is a hard and complex challenge. It is unreasonable to anticipate that people will alter their behaviors easy when so many forces in the societal, cultural and physical environment conspire against such alteration. † For illustration, Cohen et Al. ( 2006 ) survey found that when striplings were exposed to arouse instruction categories and parent-child communicating about sex, they intended to pattern safer sex ; nevertheless, this did non really lead to increased rubber usage. Rather, situational properties, including spouse attitudes about, or the handiness of, rubbers played a greater function in behavior. However, the effects of environmental hazards like poorness and favoritism might be moderated by intercessions focused on the person: â€Å" But such attempts do litt le to turn to the broader societal and economic forces that influence these hazards † ( Smedley & A ; Syme, 2000 ) . Bandura ( 1986 ) developed the self-efficacy theoretical account which offers a grade of confidence for working with persons in order to cut down hazardous behavior. Since the adult females are immature, they might non hold the necessary accomplishments to negociate and pull off rubber usage ; Bandura ‘s theoretical account may be specifically suited for them. Bandura suggested that persons beliefs in their competency to carry on certain behaviors impacts on the manner they engage themselves, their self-control when faced with troubles, and their effort in carry oning these behaviors. Foresight direct behavior with respect to peculiarly expected outcomes, though self-control allows for the control of behaviors based on criterions that are internal. Above all, self-reflection Lashkar-e-Taiba persons reflect on and go knowing by larning from their experiences.2.5 Sexual Health Prevention and Control: Chlamydia InfectionPeoples ‘s wellness and the societal and economic succe ss of the UK are highly connected. The related economic and societal costs of CI and other STIs to public wellness are tremendous and surpass UK ‘s hereafter. Two of Marmott ‘s ( 2010 ) six recommendations support the bar and control of STIs in UK ‘s population: â€Å" enabling all kids, immature people and grownups to maximize their capablenesss and have control over their lives † and â€Å" beef uping the function and impact of ill-health first-class wellbeing over their lives † . It is critical that the UK ‘s population is educated on sexual wellness issues so that they are able to do good informed sex determinations that contribute to their wellbeing and cut downing the load caused by STIs. Marmott ‘s study farther emphasised other research work ( Picket & A ; Wilkinson, 2009 ) that â€Å" it is non merely the hapless who suffer from the effects of inequality, but the bulk of the population † . High precedence should hence be given to the integrating of STI control measures into primary wellness attention. The world-wide involvement in and resources committed to forestalling AIDS supply a alone chance for wellness workers to do considerable advancement in commanding CI and other STIs.2.5.1 Chlamydia infection: attacks to bar and controlAlthough Chlamydia is a reportable infective disease, easy treated with antibiotics, and mostly prevented with rubber usage, challenges still exist globally in its bar and control. Public wellness efforts to forestall and command Chlamydia and other bacterial STIs have been applied through surveillance, clinical services, spouse presentment schemes and behavioral intercession schemes. Clinical services are an built-in portion of CI and other STIs bar programmes implemented in all communities. Chlamydia clinical services are available in a assortment of other scenes such as community wellness Centres, household planning clinics, GP surgeries, infirmary exigency suites, and prison scenes. Increasingly, CIs are being diagnosed in scenes other than public wellness clinics. Surveillance is a cardinal public wellness duty which involves monitoring of Chlamydia or its effects, antimicrobic opposition, sexual behavior, testing and healthcare quality and coverage. It is critical in observing and supervising disagreements in Chlamydia and other STIs. It is deficient to follow merely Chlamydia infection case-associated demographics for acquiring penetration into the kineticss of Chlamydia transmittal and its continuity in the affected communities. However, consideration into how and when to use the current schemes or to bring forth new 1s is critical for an efficient lessening in Chlamydia infection rates in the hazard groups. It is merely out of utilizing several surveillance attacks, everyday information analysis and reading, and rating that the load of these complex Chlamydia infections may be comprehended decently. Primary bar attempts include promoting rubber usage and patient instruction about abstention, hold of sexual intercourse, and monogamous sexual behavior. Secondary bar attempts include early and frequent showing, which have shown to cut down the prevalence of the disease ( CDC, 2000 ; HPA, 2010 ) .2.5.1 National chlamydia testing programme and spousesThe National Chlamydia Screening Programme ( NCSP ) was established back in 2003 in the UK to supply timeserving showing trials aiming sexually active adult females and work forces under 25 old ages of age who attend wellness and non-health attention scenes. Systematic showing in the UK is performed merely at GUM clinics. The debut of the NCSP in 2003 and other wellness screens in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and in Scotland in 2005 resulted in an addition of sexual wellness screens from 759,770 to 1,219,308. The programme was rolled out to the remainder of England in 2007 and it aims at testing immature adult females go toing GUM , household planning and expiration of gestation clinics ; foremost cervical vilification, young person clinics, colleges, schools and universities. Pharmacies are besides offering testing trials to immature adult females seeking exigency hormonal contraceptive method ( Brabin et al. , 2009 ) . The HPA was appointed in November 2005 by the DH to administrate the NCSP which is delivered by 152 PCTs in England. However, this was rolled out by the Greater Manchester wellness authorization part in Salford in December 2006 by puting up RUClear programme which works in coaction with NCSP and all registered showing sites. Its spouses include wellness attention suppliers and research labs in supplying high-quality CI surveillance informations required by the wellness protection bureau which is indispensable for placing and supervising CI wellness disparities. RUClear coordinates testing services through easy handiness of testing and intervention services every bit good as happening ways of carrying the immature population to utilize these services ( Appendix B ) . Diagnosis of Chlamydia instances increased by 7 % , 217,570 in 2009 from 203,773 in 2008 ( Table 6 ) ( HPA, 2010 ) . NCSP has national marks for which by 31st March 2010, 25 % of all 15-24 twelvemonth olds were screened a nd from 1st April 2010 to 31st March 2011 the mark was raised to 35 % ( anon. , 2010 ) .Table 6: Entire figure of Chlamydia diagnosings in GU medical specialty clinics and community-based scenes by gender, UK and England, 2008-2009The symptomless nature of CI consequences in important under sensing by instance coverage. Those who are symptomless might non obtain attention and hence are non likely to bring forth a instance study. Furthermore, CI may be distributed otherwise in similar racial or cultural group.Figure 11: NCSP proving locales by sex: England April – December 2010 ( HPA, 2011 ) .The showing and treating of Chlamydia is puting a batch of force per unit area for the Primary Care Trusts ( PCTs ) that have to present in instance the immature people are unwilling to see clinical services. The challenge is to acquire advanced methods that would carry the immature people to take on showing services. The standards for testing Chlamydia, although more loosely applicable, are chiefly for sexually active adult females and work forces aged under 25 old ages. In order for Chlamydia showing to be effectual, HAs should closely supervise attachment to testing standards. For case, when there is grounds of high rates of pregnant adult females accessing healthcare service but testing Numberss are low, so it means the recommended attention is non being received by these adult females. Provision of regular showing services for symptomless immature people-at-risk and prompt diagnosing and accurate intervention for immature people infected with or exposed to CI are critical constituents of effectual clinical CI infection bar and control. Correct designation and appropriate intervention are cardinal elements of CI clinical attention but spouse presentment services and reding are besides critical in hazard decrease. However, even with commercial handiness of good diagnostic trials, effectual medicines, and testing and intervention counsel for forestalling and bring arounding Chlamydia, several challenges restrict the full potency of these tools in supplying quality attention for the immature adult females. Given the reported high incidence rates of CI, the load is much more for immature people ( Figure 12, Table 5 ) ( Fenton et al. , 2005 ) . It is imperative to determine effectual bar programmes. Although heightening entree to Chlamydia testing has been an of import and pressing focal point of Chlamydia consciousness programmes and has led to regenerate attempts to increase entree to Chlamydia testing ( WHO, 2001 ; Santer, 2000, 2003 ; HPA, 2010 ) . As more people including this identified group aged under 25 learn their Chlamydia position, and in acknowledgment of the long latent period of the disease before symptoms prevail, factors related to Chlamydia consciousness remain important to place in order to plan comprehensive Chlamydia direction services that meet the demands of the population at hazard of infection ( Wight, 2000, 2002 ; Low, 2007 ; Brabin et al. , 2009 ) .Figure 12: Proportion of positive instances by age and sex: April – December 2010Table 5: Entire figure of Chlamydia diagnosings by patient Percentage: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )2.7 DrumheadIn drumhead, the above reappraisal signifier a background for understanding Chlamydia trachomatis infection and a yardstick for measuring the sexual wellness bar and control schemes whilst carefully considered and acknowledged the reported high incidence rates of infection. This chapter has vindicated many challenges and concerns that public wellness face today. Following is Chapter 3 depicting the adopted research methodological analysis to garnering pertinent research informations.

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Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Britain over the past half century - Essay Example Theories of family development are very popular and show that this culture, at least, still looks in part to systems and theories to solve some of its more pressing classification and categorization problems. Traditionally the role of the state has been the role of the patriarch, as the enforcer of gender division. In looking at how gender roles changed in Britain, the answer for this question is that in fact, the industrial revolution actually resulted in less work in the household, so technically less work for mother, but more work for women outside of the household. The basic assumption of the current investigation is that the industrialization process in Britain has been so innovative and rapid that it has not only brought new responsibilities, but also new expectations of women in and outside of nuclear family roles. As industrialization advanced, so did the statue of women, resulting in higher expectation for the mothers at home, but also higher expectations of the active-working women, both considered as one. Before women gained the right to vote, they were unequal in society in many ways. They could not basically participate in the government of the country, and they were barred from everything but the domestic sphere, which was where they were expected to stay. They were basically exp ected to take care of the house, do the cooking and cleaning, take care of the children, and let the men go out and vote, because they weren’t considered good enough, smart enough, or independent enough to be able to do something like this on their own. It is ironic that some people even today are not independent or smart enough to do things on their own. But in other ways, history has changed, because women had enough of this situation of inequality and got involved in an active struggle. They were able to raise themselves up from ignorance and do something truly noble and important, in the face of a

Introduction to Global Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Global Management - Assignment Example It is a multinational corporation since it operates in the 130 countries around the world and has employed more than 20,000 people. The products of the company are found in thousands of restaurants and supermarket freezers. Research shows that one of every three fries sold in different restaurants in the world comes from McCain and this in turn translates to one hundred million servings of the company’s fries every day (Cameron & Mike, 39). One of the strategies that McCain used to expand in China is the launch of a French fry processing plant in Harbin, the capital of North East China. This is the first processing facility in Asia and serves as the headquarters of the company in China. The construction of the plant will allow the distribution of the potatoes not only in China, but also in other North Asian markets like South Korea and Japan. This therefore makes McCain foods to be the company that is leading in the production of French fries. In addition, the company opened sales offices in Shanghai and introduced mechanical planters and diggers to the McCain way of growing potatoes. This includes the techniques used in the preparation of deep soil, and proper ways to irrigate therefore improving the quality of the yields thus increasing the margins compared to other crops. The purpose of the construction of the new plant in China was to make the company be a leader in the supply of potatoes to expand the Chinese mark et and help to meet the market demands of the country by providing products that are of high quality domestically. Moreover, the company needed to raise its presence in the big underdeveloped markets. Moreover, the spread of service retailers like the KFC and McDonald’s that have made their way extensively in the Asian markets has contributed to McCain constructing a plant in China. For new companies, it can be challenging to enter a foreign market. According to Hofstede works on global cultures, some of the challenges the Canadian

The Lamb Essay Example for Free

The Lamb Essay In Blake’s poem â€Å"The Lamb† it has two main themes childhood and spiritual development. Throughout the poem Blake writes about a creator and innocence. The poem begins with a child asking a simple question of â€Å"Little Lamb who made thee†? (pg. 134) As children we have all asked this question wanting to know where did we come from or how did we get here? Even after many years scientist and bible scholars still argue over this issue. The child in the poem wonders how the lamb got its wool coat and how it survives outdoors in the elements. He knows it is not by chance or luck. The child thinks that it must be someone greater who created him and the lamb. Did Blake intentionally write this poem to have a spiritual effect? I personally feel he did Blake’s religious views were expressed in many of his works. For Blake Jesus symbolizes the essential bond and unity between spirituality and humanity. The entire poem focuses on the lamb and innocence. The Lamb is mentioned throughout the entire bible mostly acknowledged in the New Testament. Revelations 5:12,13 say â€Å"Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing. And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb forever and ever†. (KJV pg)The Reference to Jesus as lamb fortifies the Christian ideals of tenderness, humbleness, and peace. The Child seeks knowledge about the lamb wanting to know why he and the lamb were created after thinking about it and realizing that Jesus is the Lamb and that God is his Father and he made everyone and everything he answers his own questions. The child blesses the lamb at the end of the poem. The poem has a personal tone and sound effects. In â€Å"The Lamb† the child is the main speaker and that gives the poem a childlike tone. This is a simple poem that uses the child-like speaker to ask to deal with complex thoughts and questions. This is also an example of an apostrophe in which the child is addressing the lamb as if they are having a conversation. Kennedy and Gioia state â€Å"the speaker is obviously a persona, or fictitious character: not the poet, but the poet’s creation† (p. 430). â€Å"The Lamb† is almost in the form of a song that a child would sing on the playground. â€Å"The Lamb† is a lyric poem (Kennedy and Gioia) â€Å"a short poem expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker (p. 413). It has a simple rhyme scheme AA BB CC DD AA AA EF GG FE AA. In the first stanza it is simple asking questions, while the second is focused more toward spirituality. â€Å"The Lamb† uses alliteration and assonance and that produces a sound effect in the poem. â€Å"The Lamb† is full of symbolism. Arthur Symons in The Symbolist Movement in Literature writes â€Å"Symbolism, as seen in the writers of our day, would have no value if it were not seen also, under one disguise or another, in every great imaginative writer (pg. 3). A lamb is a mild and meek creature that is both brave and obedient. A lamb also has a childlike quality and innocence. Through the entire poem the lamb and the child are reflections of one another, the child and the lamb are both innocent and meek. William Blake uses symbolic words to create extensive metaphors about the lamb. Jesus as a lamb supports the Christian ideals of tenderness, humbleness, and peace. The lamb is a symbol of placidness of character and patience under suffering. Similar to several of the poems in the book Songs of Innocence, it is acknowledged that Blake looked at the optimistic characteristics of standard Christian belief. However his poems do not offer enough substance, since it falls short in accounting for the occurrence of pain and evil in the world. In Blake’s poem â€Å"The Lamb† it has two main themes childhood and spiritual development. Throughout the poem Blake writes about a creator and innocence. Blake intentionally writes this poem to have spiritual effects on its readers. The Child seeks knowledge about the lamb wanting to know why he and the lamb were created after thinking about it and realizing that Jesus is the Lamb and that God is his Father and he made everyone and everything he answers his own questions. In â€Å"The Lamb† the child is the main speaker and that gives the poem a childlike tone. The poem is simple and uses the child-like speaker to ask to deal with complex thoughts and questions. William Blake uses symbolic words to create extensive metaphors about the lamb. Jesus as a lamb supports the Christian ideals of tenderness, humbleness, and peace. These symbols give us more clarity in the realization that we exist because of The Lamb of God.

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay He is one of the best actors in the world. Known for his careful choice of his parts, he has acted in only 20 movies. However, he was nominated for 5 Academy Awards and he won 3 Best Actor Academy Awards which casted a shadow on the Hollywood greats DeNiro, Nicholson, Pacino etc. Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis was born on April 29, 1957 in London. His father, Cecile Day-Lewis, although half-Irish, lived in England for most of his life. Four years before his death, he was named the United Kingdom s Poet Laureate (Nicolas Blake). His mother, Jill Balcon was a Jewish actress. His maternal grandfather was a very important person in the history of British cinematography. He had artistic genes from every branch of the family. His older sister Tamasin Day-Lewis is a documentarian. They moved to Greenwich when he was 2. His father was 53 when Daniel was born and he never showed interest in his children. He died when Daniel was 15 which caused great emotional insecurity with the teenage Daniel. Living in Greenwich, which was known as a tough part of London, he was surrounded by poor and troubled kids. He was considered a Posh Jew-Irish, so he was often bullied. When he was an adolescent he became an expert in the local accent and behaviour, so he claimed that these were the very beginnings of his acting career. Later, he spoke of his teenage self as very much a disorderly character in his younger years, often in trouble for shoplifting and other petty crimes  [1]   In 1968 he was sent to a boarding school because his parents thought he was too wild. Even though memories from that school werent particularly nice, he discovered his greatest passions: fishing, woodworking and acting. His acting debut was in a play where he played a black kid and his first film was Sunday, Bloody Sunday, when he was 14. Although he was uncredited and the part was really insignificant (he was a vandal), he described this as heaven because he was given  £2 to destroy fancy cars. When he was 18 he decided he had to choose a profession. Although he was a member of National Youth Theatre he decided to become a carpenter. He applied for a five-year apprenticeship but, fortunately, he was rejected due to his lack of experience. After that he joined the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School which he attended for three years. Daniel threw himself fully into the craft of drama. In 1982, 11 years after his film debut, he acted in Academy Award winning Gandhi (1982), but the part was small. After that he joined the Royal Shakespearean Company playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night Dream. This was followed by a role of a punk homosexual in My beautiful Laundrette, theater version of Dracula and A Room with a View (1986) featuring Helena Bonham Carter. One of his first important roles was the one of a Czech surgeon Tomas in the Philip Kaufmans adaptation of Kunderas Unbearable Lightness of Being (1987) with Juliette Binoche and Lena Olin. The interesting fact about this movie is that during the eight months he spent in Prague, he learnt Czech and for the first time he refused to break character off set throughout the entire shooting. This was considered extremely eccentric at that point, but it was only the beginning for Daniel. I dont rehearse at all in film if I can help it. In talking a character through, you define it. And if you define it, you kill it dead. The eccentricity reached its climax for the first time in 1989 with the part of Christy Brown in Jim Sheridans My Left Foot. My Left Foot is actually a book, an autobiography of Christy Brown who had suffered from cerebral paralysis for his entire life and the only part of his body he could move was his left foot. He began painting and eventually became extremely famous. The first part of preparation for the role included frequent visits to a clinic in Dublin where he was in touch with people with various disabilities and he even formed friendship with a few, some of whom couldnt even speak. His version of the so called method acting began developing in this particular movie. Again, he refused to break character which was more difficult in this situation. Off-set he constantly used the wheelchair, insisted on being spoon-fed and he had to be carried around constantly because he wanted to experience all aspects of Christy Browns life, especially shame and anger which he depicted perfectly in the film. He broke two ribs on the set due to hunched-over position in the wheelchair. He won numerous rewards for this part including his first Best Actor Academy Award. In 1989 he returned to theater for the part of Hamlet, however he collapsed on stage in the middle of the scene where Hamlet sees the ghost of his father. The rumor has it that he saw the ghost of his own father which he later confirmed. He hasnt worked in the theater ever since. In 1992, The Last of the Mohicans followed. The film was neither a success nor a particularly good film, however, his preparations were as always interesting. He underwent a very difficult diet and he lived in the forest isolated from the rest. He was hunting and fishing for survival, he learnt to build canoes, skin animals and carried the rifle all the time. Four years after My Left Foot, he started a new cooperation with Jim Sheridan on his new film In the Name of the Father. He played Gerry Conlon, a member of the Guildford Four who were accused and convicted as bombers and the members of the IRA who spent 15 years in prison for the crime they didnt commit. He kept his accent off set and spent a lot of time in a cell. On his request, he was constantly thrown cold water at and insulted. He was nominated for an Oscar but lost to Tom Hanks, ironically for the part he was offered. He moved to County Wicklow in 1993 and assumed Irish citizenship. In 1993 he began working with Martin Scorsese on The Age of Innocence with Winona Ryder and Michelle Pfeiffer. He wore clothing from the 19th century for two months and walked around New York City wearing a top hat, a cane and a cape in extremely cold weather. In 1996 he started working with Arthur Miller on The Crucible. He met his wife-to -be, Millers daughter, Rebecca, whom he married a year later. He currently lives on a 50-acre farm in Ireland, with his wife and children Ronan Cal, 14, and Cashel Blake, 10. From a previous relationship with a French actress Isabelle Adjani he has a son, Gabriel Kane, 17. She claims that he broke up with here by fax when she told him she was pregnant. That is pretty much the only gossip you can find on Daniel Day-Lewis. He returned to Jim Sheridan in The Boxer (1996) with the part of a former boxer and IRA member. He prepared intensely, he was training twice a day for more than six months with the former boxing world champion Barry McGuigan who said that Daniel could turn pro. He had his nose broken during the filming. He wanted to retire, so he moved to Florence and decided to return to his old love woodworking. However, he became interested in another craft, cobblery. He became an apprentice and for the next 4 years no one knows where he actually was. When asked, he stated that it was a period of my life that I had a right to, without any intervention of that kind.  [2]   Martin Scorseses Gangs of New York (2002) was his great comeback. He was persuaded by DiCaprio to take the part. Actually, he has lured to New York on false pretenses and eventually accepted the part of Bill the Butcher, who, ironically, hates the Irish. He began his usual preparation for the character which included apprenticeship at the butchers. He was constantly listening to Eminem to get angry. While he was filming, he never broke character, he kept Bills New York accent. At one point he got very sick because he refused to wear a coat, that would be breaking the rules they didnt wear warmer coats in the 19th century. After being diagnosed with pneumonia and still refusing to wear a coat he had to seek treatment. He was nominated for an Oscar again. After the Gangs, he acted on his wifes film The Ballad of Jack and Rose (2005), which received mixed reviews, but the interesting fact is that he lived in a hut on a beach, separated from his family to experience the emotions of his character. In 2007, his role of the psychotic and misanthropic Daniel Plainview in There will be Blood brought him 23 awards including his second Best Actor Academy Award. His portrayal was listed in top 10 of the best performances ever. In 2009 he decided to accept the role of Guido Contini in a somewhat different film from his usual ones, the Rob Marshalls musical Nine, featuring Marion Cotillard, Penelope Cruz, Nicole Kidmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.He was nominated for a Golden Globe and many other awards despite the fact the movie wasnt a huge success . In 2010 it was announced that Daniel Day-Lewis would definitely play Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielbergs Lincoln. The idea of this project existed for 10 years, however Daniel refused the part because it was completely preposterous for him to even think of him as Lincoln. Nevertheless, he was persuaded by Spielberg and yet again began his intense preparations for the part. He asked Spielberg for a year that was necessary for the preparation that included reading over 100 books on Lincoln, cooperation with make-up artists that achieved an excellent physical resemblance. He worked on the voice of Lincoln for a long time and when he finally came up with the final version, he sent the tape to Spielberg in a box with a scull on it so Spielberg would be the only person to hear it before the beginning of the shooting. The film was nominated for 7 Golden Globes and 12 Oscars including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. It was also a huge commercial success, grossing 220 million dol lars worldwide. Although the film didnt win any of the major Academy Awards, Daniel won both Golden Globe and Academy Award. He thus became the only actor in history to win three Best Actor Academy Awards. He was asked who he would like to play next and he replied: I cant think of anyone right now because I need to lie down for a couple of years. No, I cant think of any. I really cant, no. Its hard to imagine doing anything after this.  [3]   After this part he said he definitely needed rest so, knowing him, who knows when he would return to the set? I begin with a sense of mystery. In other words, I am intrigued by a life that seems very far removed from my own. And I have a sense of curiosity to discover that life and maybe change places with it for a while. If I werent allowed this outlet, there wouldnt be a place for me in society. I suppose I have a highly developed capacity for self-delusion, so its no problem for me to believe Im somebody else. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis http://www.biography.com/people/daniel-day-lewis-9268727 http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/film/10-fascinating-facts-daniel-day-lewis-1731301 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000358/bio

Population and Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhouse Gase

Population and Global Warming In recent years, people have begun to realize the adverse affects of the technologies we use. The tools that humans use to harness energy change the face of the environment around us. When the industrial revolution began, I am sure that no one thought that the innovation taking place could potentially be the cause of a huge change in our surroundings. People were just doing what they thought was the best course of action at that time: the new utilization of resources for the growing population. Unfortunately, we have not retained the same sense of well being. The shift in energy resources allowed for an increased population or, conversely, an increasing population required the invention of new tools to deal with the environment surrounding humans. Not only were more people needed to man the machines, but more humans could be supported because of the increase in agricultural yield and the new lands that had opened up for colonization. There was the feeling of continuous well being and expansion. I do not think that we are out of the expansionist mindset: the population boom figures prove this. For most organisms, a population grows and then reaches a plateau; in effect, an s-shaped curve. Humans are not following this pattern, or have not reached their plateau. Yet as of now, the human population is increasing exponentially and shows no signs of stopping. The use of resources has expanded to match the continued growth. Because of our history of degradation, growth just means more pressure on the earths systems. The industrial age began a time in which humans were not just altering their visible surroundings, but began to change the make up of these surroundings as well. Without knowing it, ... ...earth is able to contain. If the later is true, we are just fixing the problems as they occur, not finding a real solution to the problem. The increased use of contraceptives and factors such as literacy and women's rights has decreased the population expansion (class discussion). It could be that our problem will be solved by the population actually decreasing. But before that happens, if we are not going to fix the root of the problem (that of climate change because of human use), we should find better ways of getting energy and using the resources that we have, such as renewable resources and green chemistry. Whatever it is, something must be done to stop the environment from changing so drastically. [1] Freeman, Scott. Biological Sciences. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002. [2] Freeman, Scott. Biological Sciences. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002.

GEORGE ORWELL Essay -- essays papers

GEORGE ORWELL George Orwell also known as Eric Arthur Blair lived from 1903 - 1950. He was a British writer who wrote documentaries, essays, and articles. He was born in Motihari, India. Orwell was educated at Eton College in England. From an early age Orwell said, " Perhaps the age five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer." After Orwell did not win a university scholarship at Eton College he joined the Indian Imperial Police. He served with the Indian Imperial police in Burma from 1922 - 1927. At the age of twenty- four, he started to teach himself how to write. After his time as a police officer in Burma he returned to England for a couple of years he went on living in London and then Paris among the poor. Out of George Orwells experiences he wrote about conditions in his life and ordeals that occurred that no one had ever done before. Orwell experienced many difficulties in his field. First as a police officer in Burma he saw how brutally the people where being treated by the other police officers. He also wrote about his resignations that he had abo...

Effects of Divorce on Children Essay -- Divorce Marriage Psychology Es

The Effects of Divorce on Children The statistics for divorce in the 1990's suggest that nearly sixty percent of marriages end in divorce. Given this startling figure, the presumption can be made that many children will experience some effects caused by the life-changing event called divorce. What is it exactly about divorce that causes negative consequences for these children? In what ways will these children be affected? Will these effects show outwardly? The unsettling fact is: young children of divorced parents face great psychological challenges due to the environmental conditions and changes associated with divorce (Wolchik and Karoly 45). When we pass the year 2000, we will see two groups of working age adults emerging. One group will have received psychological, social, economic, educational and moral benefits and the other group will have been denied them all. The first group will have grown up with both parents present in the house and the second group will have not had both parents present. Parental conflict appears to have a pronounced effect on the coping efforts of children. The intense anxiety and anger between some parents in the early stages of divorce is real. Often times parents allow their children to get in the middle of fierce verbal fighting between them. Berating the other parent in front of the child is another way of placing the child in an unfair position, which in essence is expecting the child to choose between the parents. Any form of parental conflict, no matter to what degree, lends to a difficult adjustment period for children involved. (Jekielek 1-3). The deterioration in parent-child relationships after divorce is another leading cause in psychological problems for children. With a divorce comes a parenting plan of some kind. A child may experience shared custody between both parents or custody by one parent with visitation by the other parent. Variations of these plans can be included or added at different times in the child's life depending on special circumstances. More often than not, the mother is awarded custody of the children. The absence of the father on a full time level is detrimental to the healthy development of the children. In the case that the father is awarded custody of the children, the opposite applies as well. Studies have shown that a decay in custodial parent-child relationships may freque... ...e to try and take the place of my Dad. But sometimes when she's dating one man a lot and he's nice to me, I can't help wishing he was my Dad. I told her that if she did ever want a husband, I have a list of choices and it would be nice if she could pick someone who could help me play with my computer. I wouldn't mind if my Dad got remarried because maybe they'd have another kid and to tell you the truth I would really like to have a younger brother. But I wouldn't want my Mom to have a baby because it would live with us and then I'd have to share all my stuff. Still, what I really really want, deep down, is that my Dad doesn't get remarried and my Mom doesn't, either. What I'm just hoping and hoping more than anything is that they'll get back together again" Works Cited Diamond, Susan. Helping Children of Divorce. Furstenberg, Frank F. "Children and family change: Discourse between social scientists and the media." Jekielek, Susan M. "Parental conflict, marital disruption and children's emotional well-being." Krementz, Jill. "How It Feels When Parents Divorce." Wolchik, Sharlene A., and Paul Karoly "Children of Divorce Empirical Perspectives on Adjustment."

Colonial history of the United States Essay

Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94) Test Review Chapters 1-3 Day 1 Review (Monday) * Website review: themes and learning objectives from Chapter 1 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter1/ * includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to review: * Summarize the changes in European society that led to the era of exploration between 1400 and 1700. (pg. 9-12, 23-28) * Describe the Spanish Empire in the New World during the 1500s. Include political, military, economic, social, and cultural considerations. (pg. 11-20) * Discuss the economic and religious motivations that led to the establishment of English colonies in North America. (pg. 23-27) * Explain the French process of colonization and interaction with the natives. (pg. 27) Day 2 Review (Tuesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 2 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter2/ * Includes review Multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the development of Virginia with that of New England. Consider social, economic, political, and religious differences (Page: 34–49) * Explain the underlying causes and the unfortunate consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion. (pg. 39-40) * Contrast the early years of Pennsylvania with the early years of Georgia. (Page: 52–54, 58–59) * Compare and contrast the religious, economic, and social cultures of the Puritans and Quakers. (Page: 40–49, 52–54) Day 3 Review (Wednesday) * Website review: major themes and learning objectives from Chapter 3 * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424362/student_view0/chapter3/ * includes review multiple choice and essay questions Topics to Review: * Compare and contrast the institutions of white indentured servitude and African slavery in early colonial America. (Page: 66–67, 71–75) * Compare and contrast the lives of colonial women in the Chesapeake with those in New England. (Page: 69–71) * Compare and contrast the economies of the southern colonies with those of the northern colonies in the 1600s and 1700s. (Page: 77–89) * Compare and contrast the society found on a southern plantation of the late 1600s with that of a Puritan community of the same period. (Page: 83–87) * Explain how religion developed in the New England colonies during the 1600s and early 1700s. (Page: 89–91) * Compare the growth of education and organized religious thought in eighteenth-century colonial America. (Page: 89–94)

Ground Rules Essay

â€Å"Ground Rules are boundaries, rules and conditions within which learners can safely work and learns†. (Gravells A, 2010). This above definition explains that all learners require boundaries and rules within which to work. These must be made very clear and early on in the course; these terms could be set by organisation and/or produced by the tutor himself. In fact setting ground rules will help everyone know their limits. Learners like routine and will expect tutor to be organised and professional. â€Å"Ground rules articulate a set of expected behaviours for classroom conduct. They can be set by the instructor or created by the students themselves (some people believe that students adhere more to ground rules they have played a role in creating)†. (Carnegie Mellon, 2005). These rules must be shaped as soon as possible to help maintain order, underpin behaviour and promote respect. They should lead to a set of guidelines regarding acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and set clear boundaries within which to work. If they are not set, problems may occur which could disrupt the session and lead to misunderstandings. The instructor should explain the purpose to ensure that discussions are spirited and passionate without descending into argumentation, to ensure that everyone is heard, to ensure that participants work together toward greater understanding rather than contribute disjointed pieces. Some instructors ask students to sign a contract based on the ground rules; others simply discuss and agree to the ground rules informally. It is important for instructors to remind students of these ground rules periodically, particularly if problems occur (for example, students cutting one another off in discussion or making inappropriate personal comments). Instructors should also be sure to hold students accountable to these rules, for example, by exacting a small penalty for infractions (this can be done in a lighthearted way, perhaps by asking students who violate the rules to contribute a quid to a class party fund), by factoring conduct during discussions into a participation grade for the course, or by pulling aside and talking to students whose conduct violates the agreed-upon rules. 2. Establish Ground Rules: Classroom management and discipline can make or break a teacher. Even the most knowledgeable teachers can struggle with maintaining an effective and orderly learning environment.   Setting ground rules and consequences early, practicing procedures and enforcing rules consistently can contribute to a teacher’s educational success. Often problems arise with students because of unclear expectations about your role as a tutor and about their role as a student and a member of the class. Establishing expectations or ground-rules at the beginning of semester can help clarify these expectations and help in maintaining a good working relationship between you and the group, individual students, and among the students themselves. 2.1 Setting up the Rules: To set ground rules for student activities a behaviour code which all the class will agree with it. This helps to create feelings of trust when beginning to address the feelings the students may have when thinking and talking about the emotive problem. Getting the students to generate the ground rules themselves can also help to establish rules that will be more likely to be kept by the group, as students will feel like tutor trusted and valued their perspectives. A set of ground rules can be a helpful tool when having to deal with difficult situations at a later date. For example, if some students are dominating discussion or behaving inappropriately, being able to refer back to the ground rules that the students themselves negotiated can be quite powerful in getting back control of the class. It’s also quite useful to review the ground rules during the semester, to get feedback from students on how they think things are going, if there are any rules that aren’t working or any rules that should be added. Some possible ways to generate a set of ground rules with the learners include the following: (1) Use pyramiding to get students thinking about their expectations and what they would like as ground rules. First, ask students to think about (and write down) what kind of expectations they would like set for the group on their own, then after a couple of minutes, they turn to their partner and share their ideas, and then each pair joins with another pair and this group of 4 shares ideas and negotiates a common set of ideas. After a few minutes (say 5 – 10 minutes), ask one member of each group to report back to the whole class and you write each idea on the board. Once a set of expectations/rules has been generated, discuss the list with the class, clarifying if needed and making changes (if appropriate). (2) Start with a short list of rules and expectations that you have created, project this on an overhead projector (OHP) or write on the board, and ask the learners to form small groups (around 4 students) and discuss the list, do they agree, is anything missing, etc? Then ask each group to feed back to whole learners their comments. This then works in a similar way to the last part of pyramiding. (3) Ground rules can also be set up by having a group discussion. It is best to have the ground rules mutually agreed so that both tutor and learner has an opportunity to put their views forward and they must be doable. Once everyone’s views are considered, a set of rules that suit everyone can be designed. Learners are more likely to be committed and adherent to these rules and less likely to be broken, since they were designed by the group itself. After ground rules are agreed, they will have to be written down and distributed to every member of the classroom, and a copy will be displayed in a visible place in the classroom, all through the length of the course. Also it has to be agreed among in the learners how the tutor will react if rules are broken. Learners have to be warned, as to what actions will be taken and disciplinary procedures made aware which will be different for each institution. This will create a safe and respectful environment in which all participants will have the opportunity to benefit from the learning experience. 3. Appropriate Examples of Ground Rules: 3.1 Examples: Each and every learner is different when it comes to behaviours and respect for others. So agreements have to be made about expected behaviour in the classroom. Ground rules are mutually agreed arrangements between the tutors and the learners, which ensure that the views and needs of all learners are valued and appreciated. It helps learning, easy in the classroom. Learners need to know what the teacher expects from them and what they can expect from the teacher during the course. They need to know where the boundaries lie and what will happen if they step over the boundaries. These rules have to be established by thinking carefully, expressing clearly and enforcing consistently. Ground rules can be set either by the tutor, or by the learner or by the tutor and learners together. Here are some examples of Ground rules: * Listen actively and attentively. * Ask for clarification if you are confused. * Do not interrupt one another. * Challenge one another, but do so respectfully. * Critics ideas, not people. * Do not offer opinions without supporting evidence. * Avoid put-downs (even humorous ones). * Take responsibility for the quality of the discussion. * Build on one another’s comments; work toward shared understanding. * Always have your book/readings in front of you. * Do not monopolize discussion. * Speak from your own experience, without generalizing. * If you are offended by anything said during discussion, acknowledge it immediately. * Consider anything that is said in class strictly confidential. * Everyone will be on time. * Respect each other’s point of view. * Listen to each other, and don’t interrupt when another person is speaking. * Don’t criticise or ‘put down’ another person. * Come prepared for each class. * Turn off mobile phones. * Behave Seriously. * No Violence. * Helps other so everybody can enjoy the lesson. 4. Setting Ground Rules to promote respect for others: Well-defined rules in the classroom can prevent many behavioural difficulties. When learners are involved in the development of the rules, they are more likely to adhere to them and understand why they have been put into place. â€Å"Ground rules are boundaries, rules, and conditions within which learners can safely work and learn. If they are followed, they should promote respect for others and ensure the sessions run smoothly†. (A.Gravells, 2008) So agreements have to be made about expected behaviour in the session. Ground rules are mutually agreed arrangements between the tutors and the learners, which ensure that the views and needs of all learners are valued and appreciated. It helps learning, easy in the session. Learners need to know what the tutor expects from them and what they can expect from the tutor during the course. They need to know where the boundaries lie and what will happen if they step over the boundaries. These rules have to be established by thinking carefully, expressing clearly and enforcing consistently. Ground rules can be set either by the tutor, or by the learner or by the tutors and learners together. Ground rules can be set up by having a group discussion. It is best to have the ground rules mutually agreed so that both tutor and students have an opportunity to put their views forward and they must be doable. Once everyone’s views are considered, a set of rules that suit everyone can be designed. Learners are more likely to be committed and adherent to these rules and less likely to be broken, since they were designed by the group itself. It will instil positive discipline and maximise learning since the rules were set up with them and not enforced. As a tutor, ground rules will be to ensure that tutor will be fully prepared for the session, be punctual with start and finishing times for each session and make sure markings are completed in time. Tutor must make sure not to put down anyone, encourage the learners, assist in team work, help with course completion, be professional and honest, be non-judgemental and will have interactive teaching and no politics. Learners must have to decide on their ground rules like, respect for others, punctuality, confidentiality, honesty, equality of opportunity, learn and listen, no interruption, mobile phones off, no abusive language, self-control, no politics. After ground rules are agreed, they will have to be written down and distributed to every member of the classroom, and a copy will be displayed in a visible place in the classroom, all through the length of the course. Also it has to be agreed in the class how the tutor will react if rules are broken. Learners have to be warned, as to what actions will be taken and disciplinary procedures made aware which will be different for each institution. This will create a safe and respectful environment in which all participants will have the opportunity to benefit from the learning experience. Conclusion: This assignment focus on the ground rules between the tutor and learner. It defines some general ground rules between them, ways to establish and setting up in that way so it could promote respect for other learners. As I have already defined that Ground rules are the boundaries and conditions in which a learner can work and learn safely so these rules should be be established at the beginning of a course, and the tutor should explain the purpose they serve to ensure that discussions are spirited and passionate without descending into argumentation. It is vitally important point behind the ground rules that we could provide safe learning environment which promote respect for among the learner. At the end of this assignment, I conclude that these ground rules are the basic rules which create harmonious and safe environment during session, avoid the disaster situations and create a respective feelings for each other.

Taybeh Brewing Company

†¢Joint venture with Jordan †¢Sales promotion such as T- shirts, pens, caps †¢Beer festival †¢Sponsor a local team †¢Organize camps for people. TBC can make a joint venture with a company in Jordan, as that would bring down the import tax considerably. This way it can enter the Jordan market with lower prices and higher profits. To improve the sales within Palestine, it can market its product by distributing sales promotion items such as bottle openers, t- shirts, caps, pens and so. This marketing skill would not cost a lot to the company but is very effective. The beer festival â€Å" oktoberfest† is celebrated in Palestine by TBC. This should be continued for a lot of years ahead and all the local people and tourists should be given free beer. This way it will become a tradition in few years and TBC will have a lasting impression in everyone’s mind TBC can also be the sponsor for a local sports team. As for me in UK all I know about Aon is only through MANU. A lot of people get attracted towards sporting events and thereby this should help the company in a good way if they have their name up on one of the local teams. Palestine is a developing country and lot of riots have been happening in the country from few years. If the camps are organised for the needy people where basic requirements such as food and shelter are provided then it would help build public relations.

Impact Of Technology On Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

Medical information engineering is frequently thought of in the modern context of computing machines, but the careful aggregation and analysis of information related to observation of patient status, effectivity of different interventions, and design of new interventions dates back to the clip of Hippocrates ( ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 Be ) ( Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Hippocrates took punctilious notes that enabled him to do legion discoveries both in the apprehension of the workings of the human organic structure and in the moralss and attack to thought that are indispensable to modern medical pattern and probe ( Olguin, Gloor & A ; Pentland, 2009 ) . Relatively small invention took topographic point in furthering, the pattern of medical specialty from the clip of Hippocrates until the early twentieth century, with developments such as the variola vaccinum in 1901. During the twentieth century, the growing of medical engineering has increased continuously, with inventions such as penicillin, X-ray, PET/MRI scanning, computing machines, robotic surgery, radiation therapy, chemo-therapy, and many other signifiers of engineering and interventions ( Garson, 2008 ; Munnelly & A ; Clarke, 2007 ) . While the usage of medical hardware and information engineering has been indispensable to healthcare for 1000s of old ages, these same tools can make hard jobs ( Appari & A ; Johnson, 2010 ; Ziefle & A ; Rocker, 2010 ) . For illustration, the over-use of antibiotics has caused a new signifier of pathogen normally called super-bugs, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci aureus ( MRSA ) and other antibiotic opposition strains that are highly hard and expensive to handle. Healthcare installations ( edifices ) can besides be considered to be a signifier of engineering. As with other signifiers of engineering, physical installations involve a common interaction between users of the engineering and the engineering Anderson & A ; Wittwer, 2011 ) . In healthcare contexts, the physical installations are frequently closely interrelated with the staff and other engineering that the edifice contains ( Munnelly & A ; Clarke, 2007 ) . Often, engineering is integrated into the edifice itself. As with other signifiers of engineering in health care, organisations spend important amounts of money on their installations. If these financess are non spent sagely, they contribute to the lifting cost of health care and can impact the fiscal or operational viability of the organisation ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Among the innovators of Healthcare Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) has been one of the most supportive. Concerned with the health of the spacemans during infinite missions, NASA scientists developed technological devices for the measuring and transmittal of physiological and medical informations between infinite and Earth Stationss in the sixtiess ( Lankton & A ; Wilson, 2007 ) . This attempt was subsequently applied in the 1970s to back up medical services to the rural Papago Native American Reservation in Arizona utilizing a manned nomadic medical unit linked to local infirmaries. The first full service Healthcare Technology operation appeared in 1968 between Logan Airport Health station and the Massachusetts General Hospital ( MGH ) of Harvard Medical School ( Garson, 2008 ; Munnelly & A ; Clarke, 2007 ) . The service included 10 remote sites linked through the New Hampshire-Vermont Medical Interactive Television Network with a cardinal hub s tationed at Dartmouth. The service supported medical instruction and forte medical services including psychopathology, malignant neoplastic disease, and dermatology ( Pai & A ; Huang, 2011 ) . Another important Healthcare Technology event occurred in the 1990s when NASA launched the first big graduated table international Healthcare Technology undertaking, Spacebridge. Spacebridge presently supplies a assortment of medical specializer audiences and medical educational chances to the Eastern European part ( Sneha & A ; Varshney, 2007 ; Varshney, 2009 ) . Modern Healthcare Technology in the last century evolved from basic telephone audiences as experimental undertakings. Propelled by emerging engineerings and the information expressway, Healthcare Technology has resurfaced with new content and significance. Healthcare Technology experiments that are presently used in pilot signifier will turn out to be everyday in the hereafter. Impact of Technology on Healthcare The intent of this subdivision is to reexamine the literature on the impacts of engineering in health care. Evidence on the impact of engineering in health care is assorted. Literature on engineering impacts in health care have looked at both concluding result steps, such as productiveness or end product or mortality, every bit good as intermediate public presentation steps such as mistake rates, rhythm times, use, and complications ( Pai & A ; Huang, 2011 ) . A revenant subject among surveies on engineering and health care is the function of clip slowdowns ; the empirical grounds by and large supports the impression that engineering investings require a significant clip period for users to larn how to utilize the engineering ( Ziefle & A ; Rocker, 2010 ) . Surveies pulling from engineering literature base, consistent with the literature on engineering investing, appeared more likely to include complementary investing factors such as concern procedure reengineering ( BPR ) and preparation ( Varshney, 2009 ) . These surveies find positive impacts to engineering and frequently included ( Varshney, 2009 ) . Surveies based in the medical literature painted a more assorted position of results engineering investing ( Bardram, 2008 ; Coronato & A ; Pietro, 2010 ) . These surveies by and large did non include complementary investings and by and large took a â€Å" tool position † of engineering investings. The surveies based in the medical literature used a more nuanced pick of results ; consistent with the thought that health care is a alone context, including outcome steps such as mistake rate, differential mortality, use rates, and complication rates ( Sneha & A ; Varshney, 2007 ; Varshney, 2009 ) . What is losing from this literature is a survey that takes into history the alone nature of engineering investing, every bit good as the alone context of health care. Theory and grounds about the impacts of engineering investing suggest that engineering: a ) is a all-purpose engineering which frequently requires complementary investings to give positive returns, B ) lowers search costs, which lower the discrepancy of results, degree Celsius ) installations the accretion of â€Å" memory capital † over clip, vitamin D ) lowers monitoring costs, vitamin E ) speeds information diffusion, and degree Fahrenheit ) exhibits web effects ( Ziefle & A ; Rocker, 2010 ) . While many of the possible impact of engineering would look to ensue in positive returns in health care, findings on the impact of engineering in health care to day of the month are mixed. Most surveies on the impacts of engineering in health care have either: a ) used a rich apprehension of engineering investings focuse d upon the impact of engineering on traditional result steps such as profitableness or response clip, or B ) used a simplified position of engineering investing with a rich understand of the peculiar phenomena which arise out of the alone context of health care ( Coronato & A ; Pietro, 2010 ) . What is needed in this literature is a survey which takes into history the peculiar impacts of engineering investings on phenomena which are alone to healthcare, such as intervention incompatibility. Research Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Background Present research examines the factors that influence patient Healthcare Technology acceptance pulling support from the following theory. Theory of Reasoned Action The Theory of Reasoned Action asserts that beliefs influence attitudes. Attitudes, in bend, act upon the purposes that guide behavior, and credence of engineering is so demonstrated through behavior. TRA is well-tested and has been proven valid in foretelling and explicating behaviors in general human behavior. The construct of Theory of Reasoned Action was founded on Fishbein and Ajzen ‘s societal psychological science research. TRA suggested that important dealingss exist between beliefs, attitudes, purposes, and behaviors ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to TRA, most societal behaviors are non automatic actions ; alternatively, they are under volitional controls. TRA asserts that people consider the deductions of their action based on the information available to them before they decide to execute behavior ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Since behavior is a consequence of cognitive logical thinking, behavior is predictable. Theory of Reasoned Action is built on three concepts: attitude ( AT ) , subjective norm ( SN ) , and behavioral purpose ( BI ) . TRA has been examined and tested through legion research surveies. In TRA, attitude reflects personal behavioral beliefs and subjective norm refers to societal influences. TRA suggests that behavior purpose is a map of two determiners, a individual ‘s attitude and the subjective norm. A individual ‘s behavioral purpose, in bend, is the immediate determiner of the existent action ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Based on the pictural presentation of TRA by Ajzen and Fishbein, TRA may be expressed as: BI = AT + SN and existent behavior = BI. A individual holds different beliefs from past experience about objects, actions, and events. Beliefs service as the immediate deciding factors of a individual ‘s attitude ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Positive belief means stronger strong belief and credence toward the behavior in inquiry. With positive beliefs, a individual tends to garner positive attitudinal purpose to behaviour, which in bend leads to more possible realisation of the behavior. Attitude is a individual ‘s rating of the entity in inquiry ( Lankton & A ; Wilson, 2007 ) . Attitude arises as a map of beliefs. Beliefs may alter due to clip and fortunes or be replaced by new beliefs ; these alterations in bend affect a individual ‘s attitude. Social scientists have long established that attitude is a critical behavioral temperament ( Lankton & A ; Wilson, 2007 ) . However, a individual ‘s favorable or unfavorable perceptual experience to behaviour in consideration entirely does non ever produce the behavioral result. To accurately predict attitude, an extra variable must be taken into history of the attitude-behaviour relationship. This extra variable in TRA is the subjective norm ( Aziz et al. 2006 ; Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Subjective norm refers to a individual ‘s sensed outlooks from relevant persons or groups on whether or non to execute the behavior in inquiry ( Varshney, 2009 ) . Subjective norm is a map of normative beliefs, the ensuing influence of the societal environment. Social force per unit area can coerce an person to execute or avoid behavior in consideration regardless of the individual ‘s bing purpose. Since it has the potency of overruling a individual ‘s ain purpose, subjective norm is an independent concept to attitude in the TRA theoretical account. Concept of Pervasive Healthcare Technology Many Pervasive Healthcare Technology devices have undergone experimental tests in infirmaries every bit good as in patients ‘ places. Infrared engineering, gesture detectors ( infra-red sensing or acoustical sensing ) , picture cameras, and so on, that usage radio, Internet, ISDN, and telephone lines have been installed in health care installations ( Snyder, 2007 ) . Traditional non-invasive Pervasive Healthcare Technology frequently requires patient battle with devices at a set clip and location. For at hazard instances, such as post-stroke and postoperative wound-related complications where a close un-obstructive proctor is important in the recovery procedure, periodic monitoring may non catch episodic marks at the critical clip ( Washburn & A ; Hornberger, 2008 ) . Recent development of permeant monitoring systems focuses on automated and un-obstructive Pervasive Healthcare Technology without the limitations of clip and topographic point. Pervasive health care requires wireless engineerings and the duplicate substructure capablenesss. Permeant services are supported through radio LANs, cellular GSM/3G webs, satellite-based systems, and so forth ( Varshney, 2007 ) . Pervasive health care applications include â€Å" permeant wellness monitoring, intelligent exigency direction system, permeant health care informations entree, and omnipresent Mobile Healthcare Technology † ( Varshney, 2007 ) . Research on permeant Healthcare Technology started in the early 2000s utilizing the so budding permeant calculating engineerings. The end was to use omnipresent communicating engineerings to better patient liberty and health care mobility through uninterrupted monitoring. In instances such as myocardial ischaemia and station abdominal operations, uninterrupted physiological informations for timely sensing of impairment can alter the full attention result. Extended from Varshney ‘s definition for permeant health care ( 2007 ) , present research defines permeant Healthcare Technology as a Pervasive Healthcare Technology for anyone, anytime, and anyplace without location, clip, and other restraints. Earlier permeant Healthcare Technology experimented with video-telephony installings ( Thuemmler et al. 2009 ) . These devices provide unrecorded picture synergistic communicating through field old POTS for its broad handiness and comparatively low costs ( Lankton & A ; Wilson, 2007 ) . Using video-telephony, the healthcare professional can reexamine the therapies and supply support in real-time. More significantly, these devices alleviate the spread of distance, leting attention suppliers to supervise the patient ‘s emotional and mental provinces and non merely physiological information ( Olguin, Gloor & A ; Pentland, 2009 ) . Other types of permeant Healthcare Technology are enabled by portable topical detectors that integrate wireless engineering with clinical devices. Tele-devices such as tele-ECG and ring-sensors are worn by the patients for Pervasive Healthcare Technology. Data, such as ECG, pulsation rate, respiration rate, and O impregnation degrees, is collected and forwarded to the health care suppliers automatically ( Tu, Zhou, & A ; Piramuthu, 2009 ; Varshney, 2007 ) . This continuously monitored informations can supply of import clinical penetration for timely and accurate diagnosing. Advanced permeant devices for automatically roll uping multiple clinical parametric quantities have shown success in a organic structure detector web system ( Nachman et al. 2010 ) . This Pervasive Healthcare Technology system equipped with multiple detectors is able to roll up, procedure, and wirelessly convey the received informations via a secured nexus to a laptop for farther diagnosing. Pervasive Healthcare Technology devices that do non necessitate patients to have on the tele-devices besides have been developed in the past old ages. For illustration, mattresses, lavatories, kitchen contraptions, and vesture embedded with proctors can feel sleep form, organic structure weight, organic structure temperature, pulse rate, and so forth ( Bardram, 2008 ; Coronato & A ; Pietro, 2010 ) . Further experiments on advanced tele-sensing systems utilize the Doppler radio detection and ranging technique to garner scattered critical marks from throughout the organic structure ( Ziefle & A ; Rocker, 2010 ) . These systems can garner multiple clinical parametric quantities and are able to run autonomously without upseting the lives of the patients. Pervasive Healthcare Technology is built on widely deployed radio webs and advanced calculating engineerings. Pervasive Healthcare Technology solutions have focused chiefly on at hazard disease direction Anderson & A ; Wittwer, 2011 ) . However, a turning market in a broad scope of the healthcare field is ready to impel the development and ingestion of permeant Healthcare Technology. This pattern has had

The future technologies of drug delivery systems Essay

The future technologies of drug delivery systems - Essay Example teins or synthetic gene design have matured to the level where they can transferred to industrial applications in recombinant protein design (Kayser & Warzecha, 2012). On the basis on genetic code, numerous proteins that have been approved for clinical use are subjected to alterations. These changes occur in amino acid substitution so as to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. In addition, these changes also lead to the development of antagonist functionality. These derived proteins with site directed mutations are referred to as muteins and display good pharmacological attributes. Several approved recombinant therapeutic products are engineered post-biosynthesis. From the molecular biology background, post-translational engineering is associated with glycosylation or lipidation post-biosynthesis (Kayser & Warzecha, 2012). A drug delivery system (DDS) is defined as a formulation or device that allows the introduction of a therapeutic substance in the body, such a system is capable of improving the efficacy as well as safety of the substance by controlling the rate, time and place of release of the drug in the body. This process includes the administration of the therapeutic product, the release of active ingredients across the biological membrane to the site of action (Jain, 2008). The majority of the pharmacological attributes of classic drugs can be enhanced by the use of drug delivery systems. These include particulate carriers mostly comprising of polymers and lipids as well as their associated therapeutics. Drug delivery systems are devised to change the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the drugs. Alternatively, these drug delivery systems function as reservoirs for the associated drugs (Allen & Cullis, 2004). The main objective of medicine and pharmacy is the delivery of any medication at the right time in a safe and reproducible fashion to a particular target and at the appropriate level. However, this requirement is often