Christianity and islam Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity and islam - Coursework Example The dramatic increase in knowledge about other cultures and religions, and the establishment of economic and social histories of progress urged people to abandon their pagan and polytheistic beliefs, the worship of multiple deities for Divine Providence. Christianity, as a monotheistic religion, is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus, also called Christ or Messiah (The Anointed One), is the son of God and the savior of humanity. They believe that Jesus Christ suffered, died on the cross, buried and resurrected from the dead to open heaven to those who believe in him and trust him for the salvation of their sins. The Bible is referred to as the word of God in which Christianity is based. Islam, on the other hand, is also a monotheistic religion in which its teachings are based on the Qu’ran, a verbatim word of Allah, the single incomparable God, and the prophet Muhammad’s demonstrations and real-life examples. The word Islam means â€Å"peace acquired by submission to the will of God† while Muslim means â€Å"one who submits to God.† Christianity and Islam are related because of a family likeness and certain similarities in theology. Aside from the fact that they are both born in the spiritual traditions of Abraham, their narratives feature many of the same figures, histories, places, beliefs and traditions. Christianity and Islam originated from one significant place: Jerusalem, the city of David and Christ. It became a very holy place for Muslims such as Mecca and Medina. As for the Christians, there is a continuous presence in Jerusalem since Jesus Christ was born. Christianity and Islam are both dominated by the concept of monotheism or the belief that only one God exists, though they are known in different names: God and Allah. The Islam’s theological belief that there is only one God is called the tawhÄ «d. Both religions believe that God is one, rules, reveals,

Life And Work Of George Gershwin Music Essay

Life And Work Of George Gershwin Music Essay The name of George Gershwin linked one of the most interesting periods of music history of the United States. One hundred years after his birth, George Gershwin is the most widely remembered of the songwriters who dominated African popular music between the end of World War I and the rise of rock-and-roll (Teachout 46). George Gershwin was an American composer and pianist. His parents were immigrants from Russia. He did not receive systematic music education and began to study to play the piano with the help of a famous music teacher Hambitzer in 14 years old. Then, already a famous author, he took lessons in composition and harmony. Since 1913 he worked as a pianist-accompanist at the music store and began to write songs in the style of I. Berlin (1888-1989) and D. Kern (1885-1945). Soon he achieved a success in musicals. Many of the songs from the musicals have become extremely popular with the crowds. The most popular musicals written by Gershwin are the following ones: Ladies, please, Funny Face, Crazy and many of his songs. The real fame came to Gershwin in 1924, after writing Rhapsody in blue for the piano and orchestra, performed by the author with the orchestra conducted by P. Whiteman. Thus, in this paper we are going to discuss and examine biographical information about this composer, to explore musical styles and forms which he is famous for, and to describe one of the major works of George Gershwin that is called Rhapsody in blue. Biographical information about George Gershwin Gershwin was born on September 26, 1898 in New Yorks block of Brooklyn. He was a son of Jewish immigrants from Russia. His father was a native of St. Petersburg. The real name of the famous composer was Jacob Gershowitz. Since childhood, absorbing jazz culture (they say, that Gershwinhas heard jazz music at age 6), he was a lover of jazz concerts. In 12 years old, George began to learn to play the piano himself. Much later, as a famous composer, Gershwin has never ceased to learn, and improve his technique. During these lessons, he became acquainted with unique American composers of those years Henry Cowell, Wallingford Constantine Rieggerand Russian Professor Joseph Schillinger (Joseph was famous for the fact that he approached to the process of composing music with a mathematical position, trying to develop a universal algorithm). In 1914, Gershwin began to play music professionally, working as an accompanist in the company of Jerome Remick. Two years later, the first authors work of George Gershwin was presented to the audience. Despite the fact that this work had not much success with the crowds, some well-known and famous Broadway producers and directors paid attention to a talented composer. For example, Sigmund Romberg happily included music of Gershwin in his operetta The Passing Show of 1916. In those years, Gershwin, playing the piano and mastering harmony and orchestration, earned extra money as a pianist in different restaurants. In 1918-1919, on Broadway there were a lot of works of Gershwin: Swanee entered the musical Sinbad and had a resounding success in the performance of Al Jolson. In 1919, a famous performance La, La Lucille was entirely based on the works of Gershwin. In 1920-1924, George Gershwin created several dozens of works for George Whites Scandals, and in 1922, he even wrote a real opera, which was named Blue Monday (also known as 135th Street). After the premiere, he was invited by Whiteman to a jazz band as a composer. George wrote especially for Whiteman a real pearl of his work Rhapsody in Blue. In 1924, Gershwin created his famous musical Lady, Be Good! that had much success and brought a composer the first wide popularity on Broadway. In this performance, Gershwin first worked with his brother Ira Gershwin, who wrote all the lyrics. The next decade, this creative union was one of the most productive and popular unions on Broadway. The most successful show was Of Thee I Sing, 1931.They r eceived the Pulitzer Prize, first awarded to a musical performance, for this show. The most extensive and ambitious work in the biography of George Gershwin was a folk opera Porgy and Bess, 1935, staged on the novel by Edwin DuBose Heyward, who took part in writing the libretto for that opera. According to Crawford, Gershwins Porgy and Bess (libretto by DuBose Heyward with help from Ira Gershwin)-the stage work that has come to at the Great American Opera tag (minus Kahns stenographers and subways) perhaps better than any other-opened in New York (697).In early 1937,Gershwin was diagnosed with symptoms of a brain tumor. Gershwin was placed in Leben-Clinic, where he died on July 11, 1937in Los Angeles without regaining consciousness after cancer surgery to remove a tumor. Musical styles and forms of Gershwins masterpieces The musical styles and forms of Gershwins works are well-known and can be characterized as dynamic contrast images, humor or satirical grotesque combinations of traditional African-American folk and jazz music with the principles of symphonism. The melodies of Gershwins songs are unique for their combinations of identity and almost complete dissolution of African-American melodies and harmonies. Sometimes, his music is influenced by cantorial singing, though the Jewish theme is virtually absent in his work. It is interesting to know that Gershwin not only composed and created light music. By 1919, he wrote a string quartet that was called Lullaby. This composition represented a very high-style opus, written in the genre of light blues, but it had a resemblance to elegant music of Mozart, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky. Gershwin joined the classic means with intonations of jazz in the opera music. All compositions and works that were written by Gershwin, permeated by a common idea to make music accessible to everyone, do not break away from everyday life, do not turn away from the sound arrogant streets, dancing, do not erect the adamantine walls between classical and popular music. This idea led George Gershwin to the creation of his works included in a music custom all over the world, which raised American music to the level of classics. Rhapsody in Blue Rhapsody in Blue is one of the most famous and successful works of George Gershwin. Rhapsody was first performed by the author on February 12, 1924 in New York, accompanied by the orchestra of Paul Wightman. This work was ordered by Wightman on January 5, 1923, as an experiment to create a new musical style that combines jazz and classical music. Initially, that product was called An American Rhapsody. The well-known name of this work was suggested by the composers brother Ira Gershwin, after visiting an art exhibition of James McNeill Whistler. Rhapsody in Blue became a masterpiece of classical music and jazz, and, in various interpretations, played by musicians in different fields of music. This composition that includes elements of jazz, the Negro folk music and light music are combined with a brilliant piano writing in the style of Franz Liszt and Sergei Rachmaninoff. This work was a kind of bridge between the so-called light and academic music. Rhapsody is one of the most freque ntly performed concertos for the piano and orchestra (along with the concerts by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, etc.) and the repertoire of the finest pianists in the world. Music is characterized by vivid signs of early American jazz: a syncopated rhythm, a sense of improvisation, etc. However, the development of the main themes goes on within the strict framework of sonata form, the author uses a classic orchestra, and solo piano reminds a romantic style of Liszt and Rachmaninoff. In this musical composition, the themes are based on the blues scale that consists of major and minor thirds and lowered sevenths. There are significant differences in presentation styles of each theme. The harmonic structure of this composition is difficult to express and analyze. One thing can be said that the piece of Rhapsody begins and consequently ends in B flat. Different contemporary styles and jazz are present in this masterpiece. The tempos of Rhapsody in Blue vary directly and widely. There is an extreme use of rubato in a lot of places throughout this composition. According to Howard, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Rhapsody is irresistible still, with its syncopated rhythmic vibrancy, its abandoned, impudent flair that tells more about the roaring twenties than could a thousand words, and its genuine melodic beauty colored a deep, jazzy blue by the flatted sevenths and thirds that had their origins in the Negro slave songs (par. 3).In addition, Schiff stated that Rhapsody in Blue is an enduring monument to the love affair of Americans and people around the world with the African-American idiom that became the most influential language of twentieth-century music (3). Conclusion Taking the above-stated information into consideration, it is possible to draw a conclusion that George Gershwin was one of the most famous and talented American composers in the first half of the XX century. In his work, he has managed to combine seemingly incompatible phenomena: the European late romantic music, jazz and pop. The composers creative experience is unique and no one could repeat it exactly. However, a style found by Gershwin (a combination of different spheres of music), proved to be fruitful and prosperous for American culture and led to wonderful phenomena, such as musicals of Leonard Bernstein. Many critics noted that Gershwin mixed folk and classical music. However, it was a common thing for a lot of great composers. Music of ordinary people finds its place in symphonic music with the majestic compositions. Gershwins creativity is distinguished by a great emotional and original melodic, harmonic and rhythmic language, enriched with folk motifs of African-American songs. Harmony and characteristic rhythms of swing and jazz were influenced by the music of George Gershwin. Despite ingenious rhythms and beautiful lyrical melody, his music arises primarily from his own harmonic structure. After Gershwin, the development of jazz can be mostly attributed to the expansion and complication of harmony.

Discussing Impression Formation Essay -- Psychology, Solomon Asch

Impression formation and stereotypes First impressions are considered very important. It is very common to hear people talk about the importance of giving a good first impression because that very first moment in which people see or meet someone new, shows them the kind of person they are most likely to be. How is personality impressions formed? Do first impressions have a much greater impact on judgements than subsequent impressions? How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology. Past research in this subject suggests that primacy effects exist in impression formation. Solomon Asch (1946) conducted a study to see how people form impressions. Participants were given a set of traits describing a person. The list included Warm, Cold, Polite or blunt (among others). Participants rated the Generosity, Happiness, sociability and popularity (among other words) of the new person. One explanation was that we form impressions using some kind of gestalt or whole picture, with each piece of information influencing the others. An intelligent & warm person generates a positive impression an intelligent & cold person generates a negative impression. Asch’s experiments on formations of personality impression suggested that when adjectives describing a person are presented in sequence, the first adjectives have more impact than the later ones. The same words used to describe a person could produce very different ratings of that person depending on the order in which the words were presented. When adjectives with more positive meaning were given first followed by words with less positive meaning, the participants tended to rate that person more positively, but when t... ... saying what they think or believe. Taking all this information into consideration, the present study sought to investigate the effects occupational stereotypes have on forming impressions and personality judgements. The aim of the study was to see how different groups of participant rated a photograph of an unknown individual on things such as likability, wealth, education and status. This was done by using three separate groups, the same face was used on each image but the job title was changed for each test group. The experimental hypothesis states that the participants would rate the lower class job titles lower on likeability and financial status and the higher class job titles higher on wealth and likeability. The hypothesis being that the job title of solicitor would be rated higher in all aspects of likeability than the job title of Dustbin man.

Unit 1, the Business Environment, P1

FedEx FedEx Corporation is an American global courier delivery service. It operates under a public limited ownership as a tertiary business. A public limited company (PLC) means it is able to offer shares to the public. The owners of these PLC’s are the main shareholders. A tertiary business is one that provides a service to other business or individuals. Federal Express (later known as FedEx) was established in 1973. Ten years later, the company reaches $1bn in revenue – the first US business to achieve this status without merger or acquisition. Services extend to Europe and the Middle East by the end of 1989.Between 1991 and 1999 FedEx launches: Express Freighter ® to provide overnight delivery to Europe and Asia, FedEx Ship Manager ® – first company to allow customers to process shipments online and FedEx EuroOne ®, opening a new hub in Paris. In 2000, FedEx became known as â€Å"FedEx Corporation†. Services are divided into different companies th at operate independently yet compete collectively. During 2008, FedEx Corp ranks ninth in the business superbrands list. In 2010, the company opened a brand new hub in Cologne airport, the largest solar powered hub worldwide. FedEx Corporation’s revenue during 2011 was in excess of $39. 3bn.FedEx has one main key activity and that is to deliver goods around the world. FedEx express is an overnight courier, providing next day air service. FedEx Ground provides a door-to-door delivery service. FedEx Freight provides a service which carries large amounts of freight to destinations where it is then transported by FedEx Ground. FedEx Office provides a retail outlet for shipping, printing, copying and binding services. During an average day various departments within FedEx Corp work together to ensure a excellent service is delivered to customers. The marketing department works very hard to ensure people know about them.They especially target small businesses that are in need of pr ofessional connections at far off places. They also target embassies and governmental institutions – although their main customers are businesses/governments they welcome anyone who is in need of a shipping service. Marketing wants FedEx to be the fastest of courier delivery companies, and so advertises this to entice customers – but it has to make sure that this is being met by the various departments within the company. The many distribution centres around the world deal with goods the customers want.Here they are delivered from the manufacturers, processed, packaged and then sent on the correct freight vehicle or freight plane. Once this first journey has been completed, the goods will reach a hub, where it is then sorted and moved onto smaller delivery vehicles that deliver to a specific area. Once the package is received, the customer signs and it is stored electronically so FedEx knows they have delivered the package. The company’s website hosts an electro nic tracking system where customers can enter a code and track the exact location of their goods and the contents of their goods.Also on their website they promote themselves through marketing. FedEx Corp is a growing company and regularly recruits new employees – this is met by the human resources department at various centres around the world – they recruit a whole range of staff from pilots to delivery vehicle drivers. Along with this their equipment whether it be plane of van/lorry needs maintaining and repairing, so FedEx have their own maintenance department. The whole purpose of this is to make a profit so FedEx Corp can expand and continue to deliver an excellent, on-time service. Aldi Aldi Ltd is a global discount supermarket chain.It operates under a private limited ownership as a secondary and tertiary business. A private limited company means it is owned by individuals or shareholders with profit as the major driving force. A secondary business produces goo ds, for example Aldi own-brand orange juice is produced by a subsidiary company for Aldi. This is then delivered to Aldi and sold to customers. This is a tertiary business – a business which sells the finished product. Aldi first store was opened in 1913, and was a quite popular p[lace to shop in the German town of Essen. During the 40s an expansion program was created and more stores were opened.A celebration was held in 1954 for the opening of the 50th store. By 1960 Aldi had grown to a network of over 300 stores; Aldi was then divided into Aldi Nord and Aldi Sud. In the 1960s, Aldi became the first company in Germany to adopt the self-service concept. During 1983, Aldi started chilled distribution depots and sol fresh products such as cheese, yoghurt and sausages. Frozen products came in 1998 and were closely followed by fresh meat. Today, Aldi is a rapidly growing company with more than 9,000 stores across 3 continents, serving millions of people. Aldi has many day-to-day activities.Aldi spend a lot of money on marketing to let customers know of the quality products for low prices. During 2011 more than 1 million customers switched from their usual British supermarket to their German rival due to the low-cost products – this was mainly achieved by marketing. In the UK, TV adverts were introduced to inform customers of their products. Each week a brochure is produced informing of the deals to come the following week. There are various distribution centres around countries which Aldi operate in. Aldi has a â€Å"delivered fresh everyday policy†, and each day lorry loads of new goods are delivered to each store around the globe.Aldi have a small website which gives customers information of latest product deals and upcoming â€Å"special buys†. Aldi have their own mobile app giving similar information as their website. Aldi do not regularly recruit main workers – it is their norm to have least workers. When workers are recrui ted the HR department would take care of this. Cleaners are employed by Aldi to take care of their stores after closing time. Aldi’s purpose is to provide a low-cost quality product service in the form of a supermarket. The main aim is to make profit.

Dystopia or Utopia

First, in the book 1 984 by George Orwell, dyspepsia is shown right off by the futuristic setting. Orwell shows the theme dyspepsia with the futuristic setting in 1 984 by using the Thought Police and vaporization. The Thought Police are constantly monitoring the thoughts of Oceania citizens, to make sure they do not disobey ‘ ‘The Party' or â€Å"Big Brother'. In the book it says several times â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU! † (Orwell 3), this saying creates fear in the citizens, and reminds them they are always being watched by their government. They do this to make sure the current government will stay in control.If any citizen ever even thinks about going against or betraying â€Å"The Party', they get vaporized immediately. Being vaporized means that they basically make the citizen completely disappear and they also make it seem like they never existed. The author causes the reader to be afraid by using these forms of technology that are impossible in our world currently; this enhances the theme of dyspepsia. The main character Winston Smith, is always fighting his urge to go against and betray â€Å"The Party' because he knows what he consequence will be if he ever does betray them.This also greatly enhances the theme of dyspepsia in 1984. Second, the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury has an underlying theme of dyspepsia as well. When reading just the first few pages of this book, the reader can get a feeling of dyspepsia very quickly. One of the first things that makes the reader think this is, is the fact that the firemen in Fahrenheit 451 burn books, instead of putting out fires, like they do in our modern day society. This seems very strange to use because it is not what we are used to, UT this is a way the author enhances the theme of dyspepsia.We see this dyspepsia world through the eyes of the main character Guy Montage. He is one Of the firemen that burn books, and he Starts to question why he does this throughout the bo ok, especially when he meets his new neighbor, Claries. She is a young girl that makes him think about the world in new ways and makes him wonder about his life, his ideals, and his own happiness. This is a quote from the book, ‘†Do you ever read any of the books you burn? † He laughed. â€Å"That's against the law! † â€Å"Oh of course† (Bradbury 8). Montage is liking to Beauty, his boss about reading books.After this he takes an interest in reading and soon steals a book to read, instead of burning it. In this fictional world created by Bradbury, the reading of books is abandoned. If someone is caught with a book, they are sent to a mental hospital and their books are burned, or they are sentenced to death. This also enhances the theme of dyspepsia because the government does not want the people to know anything and only do what they want them too. Thirdly, the book Brave New World written by Aloud Huxley also has an underlying theme of dyspepsia.Mo st of the time there is a big difference between a utopia and dyspepsia, for some readers, this book can be seen as either. It is dyspepsia because the people are built in factories, rather than by human interaction, also in a child's upbringing they go through conditioning. This is a quote from the book talking about conditioning ‘that is the secret of happiness and virtue- liking what you've got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people like their inescapable social destiny' (Huxley 16). Conditioning means that they are trained to dislike and like certain things.All of the people in the society think that things are perfect, until Bernard Marx comes along. As a baby Bernard received extra alcohol in his ‘baby bag†, and he is different than the rest of the people. He has only engaged with 3 women in a year, whereas most â€Å"normal† alphas engage 2-3 women per week. Another example of dyspepsia is the system of control in Brave New World is pleas ure, and indulgence. Sex and drugs causes the people to be happy all the time, and this keeps them from ever going against the government.In other words, the government keeps all the citizens under the influence, and happy to intro them and get the citizens to do whatever they want them too. Others might say that these three books, 1984, Fahrenheit 451 , and Brave New World aren't dyspepsia, but they are utopias. They might say that these worlds are perfect because everybody has a job, or that nobody is in poverty. They also might say this because you don't hear of anyone getting killed, or anyone getting robbed. This might be true, but the cons of these societies outweigh the pros, therefore they should be considered Dyspepsia.The governments in all three of these books have way too much control, and have he people oppressed to get them to do anything they want, and to keep them from going against them. In conclusion, Dyspepsia is the word that comes to mind with the stories and po litical horrors with government control, politicians, and community leaders being those who are most opposed by the audience and the main characters in the stories throughout Brave New World, 1 984, and Fahrenheit 451. Dyspepsia is the opposite of utopia, which means a perfect society. Dyspepsia means an imperfect society. All three of these books have an underlying theme of dyspepsia.

The Art of Writing the Perfect Formal Letter

The Art of Writing the Perfect Formal Letter Sometimes it seems like letter writing is a lost art form. Formal letters are becoming a rarity and have been replaced by all sorts of modern communication- from informal emails to texts to Snapchat. Even though we have come a long way technologically in communicating with each other, its still important to know the basics of writing a formal letter just in case there is an occasion for one. Learning the basics of writing a formal letter can also help us improve communication in the other, more modern ways of writing to each other. Here are some things to remember when you start to write your own formal letter.Why you would need to write a formal letterIn this day and age, you may be wondering why you would even need to write a formal letter. Though it may be a rare occasion in this digital era with its emphasis on abbreviations and getting everything into 140 characters or less, there are still a few times when letter-writing skills can come in handy. For example, in addition to cov er letters there are also grants and applications to universities or even certain jobs that may require a formal written letter, so you want to be prepared when those pop up.You could also write a letter if you have been using a product or service for many years and all of a sudden the product has changed and you become dissatisfied. Though social media is a quick way to get a companys attention, it may not have lasting imprint on them to affect change in the way you want.Another good reason to write a formal letter is if you read an article online or in a newspaper that you disagree with and want to let the editor know your thoughts. This formal letter is called a letter to the editor and often they get published in the publication, so you definitely want to ensure that it is well written and your thoughts are easily understandable.Lastly, you could also make your grandmas whole year by writing her a traditional letter and sending it in the mail, which is another very good reason t o know how to write one.Be professional in toneThe very first thing you need to keep in mind when writing a formal letter is to always be professional. Though you can be a little lax about spelling and grammar in emails or social media posts to friends, when you write a formal letter you want to make sure that everything is precise and accurate. Avoid using Internet jargon like LOL or idk. Always be respectful in your language, even if youre trying to convey disagreement or complain about a service or product. Using antagonistic language will never get your point across effectively and may tarnish any chance you have to work together with the person or company to fix the problem.Though its important to be professional, its also important to use language thats relatable. Just because a letter is formal doesnt mean that you need to use overly complicated words that are uncommon. You dont want your letter receiver to have to use a dictionary while reading it because your point may get lost in the midst. Be formal, but not too formal.The basics of the heading and salutationWhen you are writing a formal letter, the first thing you need to do is figure out who you are addressing. If you are writing a letter to the editor, for example, you need to address your letter to the editor-in-chief of the paper. If you are writing a cover letter, then you will need to address the hiring manager that was listed in the advertisement for the job.It is always best to do address a letter with the recipients name. In some cases you may find that you dont have a name to address to- especially in the case of applying blindly to a job advertisement where theres not much info about the hiring manager online. However, you should exhaust all efforts to find the recipients name so that your letter can appear more personal.Once you establish who you are writing the letter to, then you will need to set up a correct heading. Though getting the right heading may not seem all that important, i t establishes a rapport with your letter recipient. They know that youve taken the extra steps to get their information correct and will be more likely to read on in the body of the letter.Start out your heading with the senders address, but dont include your name. Below the two lines of your address, put todays date. After you have written out the senders address, put a space of one line and then enter the inside address, or the address of the person or company you are writing to. The inside address will include the recipients name, his or her title, company, and then address. If you are unsure if your recipient is a Miss or a Mrs., then it is always best to use Ms to avoid any embarrassing incidents. If you know that your recipient is a medical doctor or holds a PhD, then be sure to use Dr. before their name.After you have written the inside address, then you will need to write a formal salutation to start off the letter. It is standard to use Dear followed by the recipients name. Typically, if you are writing to someone you havent met then its appropriate to write their personal title (Miss, Ms., or Mr.) followed by their last name and then a colon. If you are unsure of a persons gender, then use their first and last name in both the inside address and the salutation.Heres an example of a heading with a proper salutation.Be concise in the body of the letterWhen you write a formal letter, write with purpose. It is likely that your recipient is a very busy person who doesnt have time to read a meandering letter. Know what purpose your letter serves and write about that and that only.After your salutation, skip a line and then start the body. In the first paragraph, give a brief introduction to who you are and why you are writing. After you have established those first important details, the rest of the letter body should be spent explaining what your business is and why they should know or care about it. Using facts and convincing language will undoubtedly be appreciated by your recipient. Be concise, use good language, and be sure to proofread and fact check everything you send in.Closing your letterOnce you have written the body of the letter and you feel you have gotten your business established and your point across with the recipient, then you will need to close it out. After the last body paragraph, skip one line to write the closing. There are many ways to do this, but the generally accepted lines are:Sincerely Yours,Best,Yours Sincerely,Looking forward to hearing from you,Respectfully,After the closing line, skip four lines and then write your full name to sign the letter.Small details to rememberIn addition to making sure your heading, salutation, body, closing, and signature are correct in your formal letter, you should also get the overall look of your letter to be professional as well. Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman, and a standard size, such as 12 point, for formal letters. Anything bigger will make it look li ke you are trying to take up space and anything smaller will make it difficult on your recipient to read.You should also make sure that your margins are a standard size (around 1 inch) and that you arent using double spaces between lines. Most business letters are left justified and use single spacing throughout, so be mindful of these aesthetic choices in your letter writing.Letter exampleThe following is an example of a formal letter, complete with heading and salutations.6872 Elm Ave.Toledo, OH 43601December 4, 2016Ms. Persephone JohnsonEditor-in-ChiefToledo Daily News456 Editor AvenueToledo, OH 43601Dear Ms. Johnson:I am writing to you today in response to the op-ed piece, Why You Should Absolutely Declaw Your Cat in Thursdays issue of the Daily News. As a longtime cat owner, I was very disturbed by the writers opinion of this delicate subject.Though declawing your cat may seem like the easiest way to prevent your home from being torn to shreds by your kittys claws, the truth is that this is an inhumane practice that many vets are starting to shy away from. To declaw a cat is to remove your kittys naturally given tools. This would be the equivalent of cutting off a humans fingers just so they wouldnt get into too much trouble.Cats without claws are unable to defend themselves against other animals and the surgery provides absolutely no medical benefit to them. The Humane Society is staunchly against declawing cats, except in the cases of medical emergencies such as tumors.Instead of declawing, cat owners should be patient with their feline companions when it comes to unwanted scratching. The truth is that scratching is a very natural behavior of cats, and should not be eradicated from their activities. The owner needs to instead redirect scratching from things like furniture or wood floors to toys and scratching posts. Cats typically scratch when they are bored, so as cat owners we need to make sure they are getting everything they need to live happy, fulf illed lives.This reader thinks that the writer of this piece should have more thoroughly checked her sources on declawing and the harm that it creates for cats.Respectfully,Gina DavisThe importance of letter writingWhether you are writing a letter to your prospective new boss, you are trying to get a donation for your business or nonprofit, or you are writing a letter to the editor at your local paper, its important to be accurate and confident in your writing. Paying attention to small details like getting the heading correct or using the right salutation will make your letter more credible in the eyes of the recipient. They will automatically assume that you are competent and professional, which will hopefully make them more receptive to what you have to say in the body of your letter.Before you send your letter off to your recipient, have someone look it over. Whether its a friend, colleague, a copy editor, or a teacher, its worth getting someone to proofread, provide suggestions on how to improve, and to get feedback on what you have written. Though the formal letter may not be as fun to write as a novel or an op-ed, its am important genre of writing that can accomplish a lot in just a few paragraphs.

Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes

Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes Introduction In the contemporary business world, technology is imperative for business operations. With the alarming speed of globalization, a business has to advance its technology for survival in the market. Other than infrastructure, the internet is a key component of technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The level of the technology that a company has impacts the profitability and the going concern of the business. In most business, spending on technology (both capital and operating expenses) takes a large proportion of the expenses reported in the statement of income and expenditure. Therefore, this necessitates a company to do a cost-benefit analysis of such expenses. Conventionally, the benefits should surpass costs. Besides, a company should ensure that it fully utilizes the resources available in order to improve efficiency. Expenses related to the internal and external communication of the organization should be reviewed from time to time in order to establish if benefits outweigh the costs incurred, or if the technology is not obsolete at the end of payback period of such investment. Management of Dirt Bikes, a company trading in motorcycles of different types, is concerned with the amount of money that has been spent on communication. This paper explores various internet tools that can be utilized by employees of Dirt Bikes to communicate and obtain information efficiently. The Intranet The Intranet is a secured internal or private network of an organization that connects all computers to ingress that access the internet. Development of intranet is based on the internet technology such as use of htp protocols. The intranet is restricted to an organization and its associates (customers, employees, members and suppliers among others), and is protected from unauthorized access with security systems and firewalls. Such security encryption puts a stop to abuses of the system like social networking, inapt use of web, among others. A major benefit that arises from use of the intranet is reduction in costs as a result of paperless environment. For instance, Dirt Bikes can put out most of the company’s documents such as policies, procedure manuals for the shops, and new rules through the intranet Web pages. This saves the company costs relating to printing, maintaining and circulating such documents. Also, the intranet makes it easy for communication across departments, for instance, manufacturing and production departments can rely on increased level of outputs to sales and marketing department so that they can clear stock items in anticipation of new products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Intranet can aid in improving coordination, conveying information relating to mai ntenance and giving information relating to production schedules by production department. Sales and marketing departments can get reports on sales and market surveys from the intranet. In human resources department, use of forms is made easy as they can be done paper free and transmitted quickly. Furthermore, information such as payroll documents, expense report requests, vacancies, staff benefits, employees’ handbooks among others can be posted for easy access by all employees (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). The intranet allows saving much time in Dirt Bikes because manual procedure of processing information is limited. Besides, it enhances collaboration across all departments as it ensures sharing corporate knowledge and support in the entire company. Finally, there is an overall improvement in productivity and effectiveness through faster, easier, more flexible and offers an open communication through rapid transmission and feedback and one-to-one, many-to-many dialogs. Produc tivity increase results in better learning and knowledge management facilities the intranet provides (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes The Internet comes with numerous tools, applications and utilities which company can utilize in a day-to-day operations for communication, information exchange and interaction. Internet tools enable users who have client software to access storage of information on servers for a range of purposes which are more complex than just utility tasks. Some of the tools include; Server watch (avail information about the internet servers includes news, downloads, mail among others), FTP RFC, Telnet RFC, FTP planet, FTP Clients, World Wide Web, HTML Station, Usenet, RSS, VoIP, Groupware and VPN among others (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). The table below summarizes the internet tools that can be utilized in various departments of an organization. Table 1.0 Internet tool by departmentAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on In ternet Tools for Dirt Bikes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Department Tool Benefit Sales and marketing Groupware, WWW, HTML Station, VoIP, RSS, LISTSERV App. and VPN Cooperation, savings in cost, easy access to remote accounts, Human resources Groupware, WWW, HTML Station and VoIP Cooperation and savings in cost Manufacturing and Production Groupware, WWW, HTML Station, VoIP and VPN Cooperation, savings in cost, easy access to remote accounts, ability to access information on current technology among others. From the table presented above, we can deduce that the entire company will benefit from VoIP and Groupware. First, everybody uses e-mail. Besides, there can be savings in time and money when using electronic conferencing across departments. Sales teams can stay in touch with each other easily and cheaply using the instant messaging or chats. Also, production department will benefit from the wiki as designers or service depa rtment could collaborate by sharing new maintenance directives. Therefore, VoIP and Groupware make it easy and cost effective to communicate in and out of the business. The business can also consider using LISTSERV application which is mailing list management software. It allows users to create and maintain e-mail on their intranet or internet, including newsletter, discussion groups and direct marketing campaigns. This tool can be very important for marketing as the employees would have an easy access to the contacts of the customers (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). Wireless Network Wireless network allows for access to the internet without using net cable. Since security is a threat to this type of connection, passwords and firewalls are normally used. This connection is convenient as an employee do not need a cable connection. In the modern world, â€Å"there are numerous portable and pocketable devises used for voice and data processing or data transfer via wireless transmission medi a can connect to each other and communicate directly without the need for a cable† (Sikora, 2002). The wireless network is important in this aspect as it connects all these devices. Further, it leads to reduction in cost of cabling and efficient utilization of the office space (Sikora, 2002) Conclusion Technology is paramount in the current global business world. The Internet is a major platform for conducting businesses. Businesses are compelled to adjust their operations to match with the changing technologies due to fear they face. Generally, use of the internet and intranet is beneficial to business as it leads to reduction in cost of operation that arises from manual operation. Besides, it leads to time saving. The end results are improved efficiency and productivity of the employees of an organization. An organization should look for best internet tool which would best suite its organization. Dirt Bikes should consider using VoIP and Groupware as they would lead to a red uction in cost of communication both internal and external. In future, businesses will be bound to use wireless network which is convenient and uses office space economically.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P. (2007). Using internet tools to increase efficiency and productivity. Essentials of Management Information System, (8), 300-410. Sikora A. (2002). Definition and restrictions. Wireless Personal and Local Area Networks, 2-3.

Glossary of Historical Terms

Glossary of Historical Terms All eras of history have their own terms and words unique to them; if you’re lucky, they’ll even be in a language you speak. But the act of studying history has a range of terms too, and this page will explain the historiographical terms used both throughout the site, and the books students commonly need. Read these  tips for writing a history paper. History Terms From A to Z Archive: A collection of documents and records. Archives can be huge and take years to adequately master (or, in the case of some museums, even longer), and they can just be small but deliberate groupings of material. They are the homes of the previous generation of historians but are increasingly going online. ​Autobiography: An individuals account of their life. The auto part means that individual has had major input, if not writing it themselves, but this doesn’t mean the work will be historically accurate. The historian will have to judge that, but it does mean it’s the past as the individual wishes it to be remembered.Bibliography: A list of works, including books, journals, and essays, on a particular subject. Most serious historical works have a bibliography of what was used to create it, and most students and readers are encouraged to use it as a basis for exploration.Biography: An account of an individuals life, written by another person. This might be a historian, it might be a hack selling tawdry rumors and needs to be assessed just as carefully as an autobiography. Book Review: A critical examination of a text, usually including a summary of the work and opposing views. Journalistic book reviews will tend to focus on whether the book is good, academic book reviews will tend to place the book in the context of the field (and whether it’s good.)Context: The background and specific circumstances of a subject, such as an authors lifestyle, or the weather during a car crash. Context is absolutely everything when it comes to analyzing  a document, or setting the scene for your essay.Discipline: The study, or practice, of a subject using a specific set of methods, terms, and approaches. History is a discipline, as is Archaeology, Chemistry or Biology.Encyclopedia: A written reference work, composed of informative articles arranged alphabetically. These can either focus on a particular subject or, in the case of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, on everything. The more an encyclopedia covers, the less depth it tends to have, so volumes specific to your target subject are the goal. History: Either the study of the past or the product of our attempts to understand the past. See ‘the Past’ below for the full explanation.Historian: An individual who studies the past.Historiography: Either the methods and principles used in the study of history or the written result.Interdisciplinary: The study, or practice, of a subject which applies the methods and approaches of several disciplines. For instance, while History, Literature, and Archaeology are separate disciplines, they can be combined.Journal: A periodical which normally deals with a specific issue, for instance, National Geographic. By periodical, we mean a sort of magazine.Past, The: Events which happened previously in time. It might sound strange to have ‘history’ and ‘the past’ meaning different things, but the distinction is important when you remember that all our attempts to narrate and explain earlier events are affected by our own biases and difficulties of time and transmission. What historians have done is used ‘The Past’ as a base point: this is what happened, this is what most people think of as history. Historians then consider ‘history’ as the product of our attempts to recreate the past. Primary Sources: Material from, or directly related to, the past. In History, primary sources are usually letters, records or other documents created during the period that is being studied, such as diaries, legal notices or accounts. However, primary sources can include photographs, jewelry, and other items.Reference Work: A text, usually in the form of a dictionary or encyclopedia which contains facts and information, but not normally discussions.Secondary Sources: Material created by somebody removed from the event being studied - who was either not at the event, or was working later. For instance, all history textbooks are secondary sources.

The National Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The National Curriculum - Essay Example As education is has been influenced highly by learning principles, this section will discuss the theories in psychology that shaped the education curriculum. This whole section will serve as a background for the arguments that will be presented in the succeeding section. Based on the philosophical and theoretical perspectives discussed above, these purposes will be evaluated. The aims of this section are: (1) to situate the purposes highlighted by the national curriculum on philosophical perspectives of education; and (2) to evaluate the extent that these goals are adhering to the philosophy of education. To be able to do this, various perspectives from scholars and academics will be presented. The conclusion will summarise the discussions that have been presented. It will highlight the points of contentions and disagreements with regard to the implementation of the national curriculum. I will present my own perspective with regard to the philosophical issues raised by the objectives stated in the national curriculum. I will end by providing recommendations based on my analysis.

Restaurant field experience report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant field experience report - Essay Example The beverage manager is responsible for preparing drinks orders for the entire day for dining service. I, therefore, managed beverage stock as required and ensured that they are paid for. The other major role that I had to take estimate how much beverage would be consumed on each day and place orders with the suppliers. Additionally, I had to check for fresh deliveries in order to maintain high quality. I also learned how to solve on clients complaints about the served drinks.As a receptionist, I was responsible for greeting guests, show them their tables and provide menus. I also provided customer service and deal with all inquiries in a courteous and professional manner, either via email or telephone. Additionally, providing information to guests on requests to ensure their comfort, safety and satisfaction were also a principal responsibility for me. During this period I learned to offer exquisite customer care service, to solve their inquiring and complaints made via email or tele phone. I also developed adequate communication skills and to be professional at all times while attending to guests.The efficiency of the kitchen of a restaurant rests on Expeditors. This is the person who is responsible for setting the pace and flow in the kitchen. On this post, I ensured that the orders made by guests were completed on time, according to the menu, and ensures they are in good quality for their satisfaction. I was also responsible relaying orders made to the kitchen.

Iran In Country Brief on their Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iran In Country Brief on their Economy - Essay Example The Iran spending budget is $482 billion (Polk 2011, p. 20). This is direct tied to oil prices per barrel. Later in the presentation, Iran’s strong reliance on oil is directly related to their international relations policy. In addition to petroleum another prominent Western perspective on Iran is its strong embrace of religious principles. In many ways these perspectives, in economic terms, have a degree of truth. In this way it’s estimated that as much as 30% of government spending goes towards religious organizations (Polk 2011, p. 20). The exact government spending breakdown is recognized as follows: In terms of specific government spending policies, the reported breakdown of Iranian spending is 59% on social policies, 17% on economic matters, 15% on national defense, and 3% on agriculture (Polk 2011, p. 19). Within this spending contains the 30% that goes towards religious groups There are a number of historical considerations that must be examined when considering the Iranian economy. The picture featured on the slide you see is Ayatollah Khomeini; this is the individual that took over with the 1978 Revolution. Prior to 1979 Iran’s economic expansion occurred at a robust pace. With the 1978 Iranian Revolution, however, there was a stark decline in economic growth. Following the Revolution the government increasingly focused on economic independence and an increased quality of life for Iranian inhabitants (Polk 2011, p. 32). Still, while Iran’s oppositional stance to the United States is commonly attributed to its economic shortcomings, it’s also recognized that the country has faced considerable other challenges. Between 1980 and 2000 the Iranian economy nearly doubled. This increase in population resulted in food-shortages that greatly impacted the economic structure (Polk 2011, p. 24). Another major economic setback occurred in 1980 with the Iran-Iraq war. Indeed, the picture featured above is of a tank with oil flames

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Article review - Essay Example 1). A Mouse Resource Browser (MSR) was presented, â€Å"a database of mouse databases that indexes 217 publicly available mouse resources under 22 categories and uses a standardised database description framework (the CASIMIR DDF) to provide information on their controlled vocabularies (ontologies and minimum information standards), and technical information on programmatic access and data availability† (Zouberakis, et.al., 2010, par. 1). The discourse briefly introduced the need to achieve the authors’ identified objective and progressed by proffering the design, implementation and accessibility of the proposed database. The MRB which was the focus of the article was described as â€Å"the front-end of a relational, fully normalized PostgreSQL database, and is a typical Java EE application that follows the MVC architectural pattern, generating three transparent layers: the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) layer, the intermediate Session layer and the interface/web layer† (Zouberakis, et.al., 2010, par. 5). The general content of the article was explained in greater detail in terms of management, delivery and structure. Likewise, an online questionnaire was designed for curatorial purposes. Several illustrations and graphical representations were provided to diagram the MRB architecture and to depict the online responses, curatorial information, ontologies, and accessibility, among others. Finally, a discussion of the proposed MRB’s beneficial contributions to scientists and professionals in the fields of genetics and biomedical sciences was clearly expounded; and the source of funding was appropriately acknowledged. The authors were effective in attaining their objective to â€Å"provide useful information to both bench scientists, who can easily navigate and find all mouse related resources in one place, and bioinformaticians, who will be provided with interoperable resources containing data which can be mined and integrated† (Zouberakis,

Pulte Homes, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pulte Homes, Inc - Essay Example A desirable work atmosphere would contribute much to develop the creativity of the employees and they will be exited to develop and implement new strategies for the success of Pulte Homes. It is true that a system where the superiors exert unnecessary pressure on their subordinate will struggle for success and the people occupying such position should not trouble their assistants and it is desirable for the managers to appreciate the productive efforts of their subordinates and they should ensure that a rivalry is not generated among their workers. An unhealthy environment may some times constitute a situation where an employee is embarrassed to mention the name of the firm which he is working for. A favorable environment facilitates better communication and provision for exchange of thoughts among the team members which would motivate them to work for their company’s improvement and the result would be entirely different from that of a pressurized work. Hard punishments for m istakes would destroy the creativity of an individual and staff members should be supported to learn from their mistakes because, even an average performer could become the best in the next season if he is provided with better support and motivation. All these factors indicate the necessity of a healthy organizational culture in order to develop an empire beyond the seas for Pulte Homes. Management and leadership One could find a number of definitions for these two concepts as a result of the attempts made by so many experts to distinguish between them. Leadership sets a new goal or a vision for a group of followers headed by the leader himself, while management directs workers according to the established policies of a firm. As Fayol (1916), Daft (2003) and Griffin (2005) state, â€Å"Management is a set of activities including planning, organizing, leading, controlling and decision making, directed at an organization’s resources like human, financial, physical, and informa tion sources with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner† (Quoted in Vuskane, 2010. p.3). Managers therefore utilize the powers vested on them in order to arrive at the pre planned goals and the subordinates obey the instructions of their superiors to obtain the agreed remuneration. Studies have showed that managers generally possess stable families and lead a comfortable life and a resulting risk averting nature is observed among them. A leader, on the other hand, inspires others to follow him. Gardner (1986) had made an attempt to define leadership and according to him â€Å"leadership is the process of persuasion and example by which an individual (or team) induces a group to take action that is in accord with the leaders purposes or the shared purposes of all† (Rost, 1993, p.72). Leaders are always having consideration to others and most of them possess a charismatic style. Even though they give credits to others, leaders neve r turn to be friendly and often keep a distance with them. Gradual development of a firm could be observed if individuals occupying superior positions in business establishments possess both these qualities. Managers possess subordinates while the other has followers and in the present scenario managers are considered as

Interpersonal conflict between stakeholders Essay

Interpersonal conflict between stakeholders - Essay Example Three per cent of nurses reported verbal threats (Whitworth, 2008). Distress was experienced by 66%. Females were the main perpetrators. Conflict had been described as a social behavior between individuals who attempted to gain something both could not have (Moss, 2002). Nursing conflicts had been termed as role conflict (Cooper, 2003), burnout (Poncet, 2007), horizontal violence (Abu Alrub, 2004) and intergenerational conflict (Swearingen & Liberman, 2004).Reflection and the impact on work practices and stakeholders  Conflict constituted most of the management problems in nursing. The hospital environment or primary care or community centers worked well and efficiently partially due to the efficacy of conflict management. The variety of people with diverse â€Å"perceptions, personalities and behaviors† could ignite a problem at any moment (Sikes, 2010). The common goals were what brought them together. Barriers were inevitable but efforts to prevent conflicts needed to com e from the right quarters. The idea was not to totally prevent the conflict but to manage it well so that a creative style with classic decision-making produced improved outcomes. Cohesion of the group was ensured through the efficient management of conflict. Too much conflict was conducive to frequent sparring and a decrease in performance; group cohesion suffered in the long run. Conflicts could arise between any of the stakeholders in a health environment: between nurses, nurses and doctors, nurses and patients.... Nursing conflicts had been termed as role conflict (Cooper, 2003), burnout (Poncet, 2007), horizontal violence (Abu Alrub, 2004) and intergenerational conflict (Swearingen & Liberman, 2004). Reflection and the impact on work practices and stakeholders Conflict constituted most of the management problems in nursing. The hospital environment or primary care or community centers worked well and efficiently partially due to the efficacy of conflict management. The variety of people with diverse â€Å"perceptions, personalities and behaviors† could ignite a problem at any moment (Sikes, 2010). The common goals were what brought them together. Barriers were inevitable but efforts to prevent conflicts needed to come from the right quarters. The idea was not to totally prevent the conflict but to manage it well so that a creative style with classic decision-making produced improved outcomes. Cohesion of the group was ensured through the efficient management of conflict. Too much confl ict was conducive to frequent sparring and a decrease in performance; group cohesion suffered in the long run. Conflicts could arise between any of the stakeholders in a health environment: between nurses, nurses and doctors, nurses and patients, nurses and the patients’ families, doctors and patients’ families, nurse manager and staff nurses, staff of different categories and between policy makers and the hospital industry. The nursing profession needed to handle conflicts with confidence and evoke the best results. The resolution of the conflict The nurse manager had to use her skills of communication and interpersonal skills to identify the main problem of the conflict by

Pulte Homes, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pulte Homes, Inc - Essay Example A desirable work atmosphere would contribute much to develop the creativity of the employees and they will be exited to develop and implement new strategies for the success of Pulte Homes. It is true that a system where the superiors exert unnecessary pressure on their subordinate will struggle for success and the people occupying such position should not trouble their assistants and it is desirable for the managers to appreciate the productive efforts of their subordinates and they should ensure that a rivalry is not generated among their workers. An unhealthy environment may some times constitute a situation where an employee is embarrassed to mention the name of the firm which he is working for. A favorable environment facilitates better communication and provision for exchange of thoughts among the team members which would motivate them to work for their company’s improvement and the result would be entirely different from that of a pressurized work. Hard punishments for m istakes would destroy the creativity of an individual and staff members should be supported to learn from their mistakes because, even an average performer could become the best in the next season if he is provided with better support and motivation. All these factors indicate the necessity of a healthy organizational culture in order to develop an empire beyond the seas for Pulte Homes. Management and leadership One could find a number of definitions for these two concepts as a result of the attempts made by so many experts to distinguish between them. Leadership sets a new goal or a vision for a group of followers headed by the leader himself, while management directs workers according to the established policies of a firm. As Fayol (1916), Daft (2003) and Griffin (2005) state, â€Å"Management is a set of activities including planning, organizing, leading, controlling and decision making, directed at an organization’s resources like human, financial, physical, and informa tion sources with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner† (Quoted in Vuskane, 2010. p.3). Managers therefore utilize the powers vested on them in order to arrive at the pre planned goals and the subordinates obey the instructions of their superiors to obtain the agreed remuneration. Studies have showed that managers generally possess stable families and lead a comfortable life and a resulting risk averting nature is observed among them. A leader, on the other hand, inspires others to follow him. Gardner (1986) had made an attempt to define leadership and according to him â€Å"leadership is the process of persuasion and example by which an individual (or team) induces a group to take action that is in accord with the leaders purposes or the shared purposes of all† (Rost, 1993, p.72). Leaders are always having consideration to others and most of them possess a charismatic style. Even though they give credits to others, leaders neve r turn to be friendly and often keep a distance with them. Gradual development of a firm could be observed if individuals occupying superior positions in business establishments possess both these qualities. Managers possess subordinates while the other has followers and in the present scenario managers are considered as

Who Wrote the Bible Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Who Wrote the Bible - Dissertation Example For instance, because it was during his lifetime that King James had the Bible translated into English, many have long believed that William Shakespeare actually wrote the book itself. There have many television programs on that subject and believers point to the 46th Psalm as their evidence. â€Å"God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea; Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah. There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High. God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved: God shall help her, and that right early. The heathen raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice, the earth melted. The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. Come, behold the works of the LORD , what desolations he hath made in the earth. He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; he breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder; he burneth the chariot in the fire. Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth. The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah.† Their â€Å"evidence† consists of the fact is the word â€Å"shakes† is forty-six words from the beginning of the verse and â€Å"spear† is forty-six words from the end. Because Shakespeare was forty-six when this passage was printed, that is proof! Therefore, a book was first published in 1987 by Richard Elliott Friedman (updated in 1997) entitled Who Wrote the Bible? Many consider Friedman, a professor of Jewish studies at the University of Georgia, somewhat of an expert on Jewish history and culture and he has studied extensively in Israel, with excerpts of his works published in the Jerusalem Post. He is also a prolific author, for along with Who Wrote the Bible?, Friedman has also published such works as The Disappearance of God and The Bible Now (Friedman). Authors such as Dan Brown and Richard Leigh have concentrated on the New Testament for hidden authorship and meaning (such as Brown’s claim in the Da Vinci Code that Jesus Christ married Mary Magdalene and fathered a child). Interestingly enough, it appears that Friedman has concentrated most of his writings on what Christians call the Old Testament, especially in the first few books of the Bible, what the Jewish people refer to as the Tanakh. As the author himself said in the 1997 preface, he wrote Who Wrote the Bible? as a scholarly work to set his research apart from what he calls the â€Å"popular† works, a thinly veiled references to such authors as Brown. Indeed, he revealed in the decade since he published the original book, many professors and students alike had communicated with him to reveal they h ad used the book in their studies. Friedman humbly dismisses those who compare his findings to that of the rediscovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls or Darwin’s conclusions. However, he does admit that the book should be looked on as a something of a puzzle whose conclusions are somewhat irrefutable (Friedman II, 15). He begins his introduction to Who Wrote the Bible? by asking that very question, concentrating on three areas, the Five Books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) was supposedly written by Moses himself and Lamentations is considered authored by Jeremiah. The third area is considered indisputable by Jews and Christians alike, whether King David wrote most of Psalms. He also mentions that the Bible is such a sacred book in most parts of the

The Culture Of Cambodia Cultural Studies Essay

The Culture Of Cambodia Cultural Studies Essay There is a different work hours between government and private offices. For government offices, the routine work hours is on Monday- Saturday since 7.30am until 4.30pm with breaking for the lunch time while private offices normally have no break by use working on ones shift instead to keep longer hours for example; shops, supermarket, etc. Cambodian have customs and tradition to have long and suitable relationships in any business. They trust having proper behavior is more important than work performance for example; if you are honest, responsible for your tasks, polite and respect to the superiors or the higher powers, etc. The higher power will concern and give some rewards to the good employees such as money or power. To give and opinion, Cambodian employees prefer to follow the superiors opinion than against them. Cambodians prefer to improve their English skills to enhance themselves to the internationally therefore, the English books, magazines or language tapes are popular to be the gifts for any business. Shoes and socks are unsuitable for the gifts because cultures they believe that the foot is the lowest of their body according to Buddhist cultures. Cambodia has a long history of culture and civilization which mainly influenced by Indian country. Notice from the Cambodians life involve with the religions of Buddhism and also Hinduism. Cambodia population around 95 percent is Theravada Buddhist according to relies on reasonableness, personal experience, and critical analysis. This is the main Buddhist in Southeast Asia including Cambodia which affected Cambodians culture and etiquette in nowadays and the other are Islam, atheism, or animism respectively. For example; the conceptual ideas about karma, collectivism, and saving face plays and important roles in the daily life of Cambodians. For karma, this idea involves with the rationality and law of action. If you do something, something will be happened follow things that you did. For collectivism, Cambodians prefer give priority to family, group, and society rather than the individual. This idea also concerns about saving face which tries to avoid losing someones face in any transactions. Losing face can be occurred when someone is criticized or is given compliments in the public. Therefore, if you want to do business with Cambodia, you should be aware of this action to assure that you are not misunderstanding this concept. The followings are the tips for saving Face; Normally the monks in Cambodia always highly respect in the society because they are faithful and admirable. They have similar ways to Thailand for example; they dressed in the color robes, women must avoid touching or handing to the monks even though she is a monks mother. To have a conversation with the monks, you should press the hands together at the chest  level for showing respect to the monks. For the daily routine of monks, they are allowed to eat only to times per days which are in the morning and lunch. Normally, when the Cambodians greet, they usually bow their head to show respect with press the hands together at chest level which is quite similar to Thailand. This gesture is known as Som Pas. However, when they greet with the foreigners, they usually adapt the greeting of western style by shaking hands. Typically, it is improper for the men to shake hands with Khmer women and to hug, kiss, or touch the body of a Khmer woman are not allowed and unsuitable in this society. To address the name of Cambodians, they use Lok instead of Mr. for the man and Lok Srey instead of Ms. or Mrs. for the woman before the first name and surname. Proper dress is an important for Cambodians for both men and women. It can show their position in the society for example, shorts are considered as the proper dress only for school children and it is not proper for both men and women if they want to go inside the official places or temples. Doing business in Cambodia also consider about the proper dress. Generally, to do business or working in Cambodia men wear collared shirts and long pants. For women, they wear dress or blouse instead short skirts and should not show their shoulders. It is a typically in Cambodian society to bring the gift for the host if you are invited to have lunch or dinner at someones home. Normally they give flowers, fruit, cookies, etc. Knives or sharp things are not popular to be the gifts. Moreover, gifts are preferred to wrap with colorful paper rather than the white because it means the sadness or mourning. Moreover, when you want to give the gifts, you should use both hands for showing care and gifts are not opened when you received. Cambodians emphasis on the formal dress when they are doing business for both domestic and international transactions, contact with the government sectors or enter to the official places. Moreover, having proper and formal dress show the respect to the people who are doing business with or the places that you will go there. Normally, both men and women wear a lightweight tropical suit in formal situations. Shorts and skirts are not suitable in the public. For less formal occasions, it is enough to wear casual shirts and blouses with collars. Cambodians culture in communication is very indirect and non-verbal behavior therefore, the person who want to do business in Cambodia should understand about this culture and be aware of it for example; they prefer silent when they disagree instead of complain in front of others, smiling in Cambodia has many meanings not only in the positive ways but also in the negative ways, etc. Time is also important in doing business here. If you arrive late, it means you ignore and do not respect to the person who you are doing business with. Business Cards Presenting the card in doing business is general in Cambodia and it should be exchanged at the beginning of introduction. For the business card, it is better if one side is translated into Khmer. When you present your card or receive the card, remember to use the right hand or both hands. Meeting and Greeting The followings are some guides for meeting and greeting in Cambodia; For Group meeting you should introduce people in order to rank. Handshakes are general however you should be careful not to be too tight which can be considered as aggressive. It is the tradition that if the man is doing business with the woman, they should keep distance to avoid misinterpret from the others because Cambodians has a strongly traditional in sexuality for example eye contact should be kept to a minimum. Cambodians address them with the title Lok for a man and Lok Srey for a woman with the first name only or both the first and the last name. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Nowadays the world is separated in different countries and culture and many people still dont know much about their international business partners and how to deal with them in the right way. Therefore business people should need to know how they can cope with the foreign partners. This part is emphasized on the cultural dimensions and communication in South East Asia including Lao and Cambodia. It is an important to know about the fundamental facts of these countries if you want to do successful business in SE Asia. Cultural Dimensions from Hofstede High power distance Societies have significant gaps between the higher power and the weak. There is related distinguished to unfairness between the rich and the poor. High level of uncertainty avoidance The cultures in SE Asia tend to reduce risk and ensure financial securities, many written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover and less ambitious employees. Collectivism People are very interested in long lasting relationships and give priority to a group, family or society. They care each other in change for loyalty and tend to show less individual. High feminity (low masculinity index) Care each other and quality of life for both men and women. Managers give their employees more credit if they have high responsibility for their tasks and allow them more freedom.

Abortion is a Choice Essays -- Papers Argumentative Pro-choice Life Es

Abortion is a Choice Abortion is a very controversial issue that has been continually argued over the past few years and will continue for years to come. Before I get into the sides of abortion we must first define abortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus, or unborn child while the child is still in the mother's womb. There are two sides to this abortion topic. The Pro-life which is those who are against abortion altogether and the Pro-choice those who believe it is the women's right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. Personally, I am Pro-choice and I believe there are many clear-cut reasons to why I take this stand. In my paper I will support my position with facts about abortion, and areas where Pro-life imply that those in support of a woman's right to choose abortion are killers--meaning "anti-life," which is altogether untrue. First off I want to state that for a quarter of a century millions of women have grown up under the protection of "Roe vs. Wade," secure in the knowledge that freedom to choose is a fundamental American value, and a constitutionally protected right. Although some oppose abortion, it may be due to either lack of knowledge, or that opponents of abortion rights claim that over 90% of all abortions are used as a substitute for a contraceptive (Quick Facts). Abortionists exclude from this definition that only some of those performed are because of a woman's life in danger, there is severe fatal deformity, or because the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest. Implying women in general are irresponsible and those who would choose abortion do so, with out carefully considering the impact of their decisions upon themselves and their families. A reason to why I am Pro-choice... ...he bible. Well what about other religions? What if a person doesn't even know of GOD, or believe in them? Does this mean that they are going to go to heaven and hell, when they don't even know what heaven and hell are? I feel that the decision of abortion must remain within the individual, and should be made on the basis of values and personal religious principles, whether they choose to include religion or not, and should remain free from political interference. In conclusion, the issue of abortion continues to be discussed, debated, and even unfortunately, blow out of proportion. In hopes of settling this controversial issue, I've given my knowledge and beliefs on the matter. Getting across my main points, that it is the women's right to choose if she wants to have an abortion, and that Pro-life imply a lot of misimpressions to society which are untrue.

Physics of Submarines Essays -- physics submarine

Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats, however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats. So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine technology came in the next ten years after the war, when nuclear propulsion was developed. Early submarines were driven by big diesel engines. These engines provided plenty of power for turning the propellers to drive the sub as well as a way to heat the sub and provide electricity. There were however a few drawbacks, fuel economy and the ability to stay underwater for long periods of time. In order to run a diesel engine, you of course need diesel fuel and lots of it. This was a problem since you could only carry so much fuel on a ship. Also diesel engines give off emissions. This was not a problem as long as the submarine was on the surface. When they dove, however, there was only a limited amount of space in which you could pump the fumes before you had to surface and vent. You also need an oxygen intake from the surface. Both of these problems were solved, however, by nuclear power. The world's first nuclear powered submarine was an American boat called the USS Nautilus, which was p... ... . 2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 . 3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 . 4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 . 5) Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. N.p.: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2000. 6) Vest, Bryant, and Juli Arendt. What is Sonar? 13 Apr. 2003 . Physics of Submarines Essays -- physics submarine Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats, however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats. So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine technology came in the next ten years after the war, when nuclear propulsion was developed. Early submarines were driven by big diesel engines. These engines provided plenty of power for turning the propellers to drive the sub as well as a way to heat the sub and provide electricity. There were however a few drawbacks, fuel economy and the ability to stay underwater for long periods of time. In order to run a diesel engine, you of course need diesel fuel and lots of it. This was a problem since you could only carry so much fuel on a ship. Also diesel engines give off emissions. This was not a problem as long as the submarine was on the surface. When they dove, however, there was only a limited amount of space in which you could pump the fumes before you had to surface and vent. You also need an oxygen intake from the surface. Both of these problems were solved, however, by nuclear power. The world's first nuclear powered submarine was an American boat called the USS Nautilus, which was p... ... . 2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 . 3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 . 4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 . 5) Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. N.p.: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2000. 6) Vest, Bryant, and Juli Arendt. What is Sonar? 13 Apr. 2003 .

Not Too Old to Alter Essay

One hundred fifty one years hitherto, a substantial Filipino in the illustrious epithet of Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Realonda, extricated our predecessors from being slaves by deploying a taciturn yet strapping apparatus. It was for his exertion that we are anon lodging on the snug threshold of freedom. By dint of his literary works −essays, novels and articles. He brawled for our territory’s liberty hostile to the Spanish settlers who subjugated us for three hundred thirty three years. I staunchly cannot portray where we will be today if it was not for Jose Rizal’s intrepid escapade. But why is it that until today, we are still bruised by the storms of hitch and inundated with wrangles? Is this the underlying pretext why Rizal squandered his duration aiming to fulfill his desire? Is this worth three centuries of anguishing? Well, no! He divulged, â€Å"our liberty will not be secured at the sword’s point†¦ we must secure it by making ourselves worth of it. And when the people reaches that height, God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards. And liberty will shine out like the first dawn.† Unambiguously, he craves us to rectify our oblivion towards his forfeits, to esteem what he capitulated in abidance for us to stow our existence like it should be. And in the interval we exploited our latitude fruitfully, everything will plummet into array. Ostensibly our interstate hero, Dr. Jose Rizal still subsists in ontological epoch, he would aptly be applying his erudite dexterity reversely to the pompous President Pnoy. Rizal covets genuine metamorphosis, and Aquino’s administration has not outdo it yet, alternatively, he burlesqued number games on our psyche to somehow persuade us that he and the Filipino at large are on the right-track (tuwid na daan). Reminiscent of what he executed throughout his State of the Nation Address, he swindled us via manifesting statistic testimony vis-à  -vis his feats that were explicated by some research agency or sector. Indubitably he would be an underground propagandist for the second time around. Rizal is a true-blue nationalist. He is a silhouette of expansive brainpower, he manipulated his wit to craft a fictional character playing role in a true-to-life story that had commenced the Filipino’s quandary during the Spanish conquest. Although the characters were illusory, Filipinos were adroit to grasp the gist beyond it, he used that conspiracy to elevate his tacit propaganda, to somehow truant from prosecution. He has utilized his writing prowess to hoist his fellow Filipino’s cognizance. Using this slant, he affirms that we can elicit liberty without denuding of blood, that it is a diplomatic and robust tool to draw a collective force among his country men. Disdain of what he did to galvanize our perception, after obtaining our unequivocal sovereignty, we again stagger in hauling up our country from drowning. We struggle in the somber because of our own liabilities. It is our transgression that scorted us to our congested enlargement. We have continuosly been predominated by our culture principally by our unbecoming customs –crab mentality, pride. Instead of maneuvering for a progressive state, we Filipinos hubs solely for our personal garnishment. We quantize everybody as our adversary no matter what their socio-economic status is. How can we debark affluence when there are these people who are only aspirng for our stoppage? This kind of stance, crab mentality, will only make our country unsteady. If everyone has this perspective, then at the end, everyone will torment the consequences. â€Å"There are more faults which make a man more unpopular and no faults which are more unconscious of in us. And the more we have it ourselves, the more we dislike it in others.† A quotation made by an outlandish writer, C S Lewis. Interiorizing this notion, pride is a bigger stumbling block as we ever envisage it to be and the appalling side of it is more vicious as we opine it to be. When we are gobbled by pride, we incline to look down on people, and are not able to empathize with them. It is hard to put yourself in the shoes of others. Same as in national growth, if we prefer to use Filipino vernacular rather than English as a medium of interaction in edifying, I believe it would be more tranquil to digest the information. Like for example Japan, look where they are now. But then, it is not the peccadillo of the followers alone. The leader of our nation also endows to the loss of our state by their bogus governance. They are the very incentive why Philippines is internationally renowned for corruption. The funds that are preordained for the people were embezzled barbarously. This money is intended for everybody not for somebody. Therefore, we arbitrate the Filipino themselves are the midmost walls hindering national expansion. The great Jose Rizal once articulated, â€Å"no good water comes from the muddy springs. No sweet fruit comes from a bitter seed†. No matter how callous our Government Officials try to avert smelly fish from amplificating its smell, it would always find its way out to the sense of our country men. And that kind of Government Officers reflects to the kind of country they belong to. Even in Rizal’s interlude, these barriers were vividly observable. This is the wall shadowing our triumph which generated the darkness we are in now. These things will continue to shake our solidarity until we learn how to lend a hand. How will we telltale this to our national hero? He would be so thwarted when he unearth that his atonement was sealed in a trash bag. He filled our thirst for freedom by furnishing to us a cup full of fearlessness, hope and determination to uphold a better future. Let us not recollect the dim history of the past when we are muted by illiteracy. Only elites had a privilege to have an education. Thus the higher classes repress the Indio’s. We have now arrived in this murky place to cue us how subterranean we fell. This is not the time to blame one another. It is now time to make valid the promises of liberty. Start breaking the seal! This is the moment where we ascend from the dark, where we rise from drowning and were we face tomorrow’s sunlight wiping off the shadow of yesterday. Just like what Elias said in Rizal’s notorious novel, Noli me Tangere, â€Å"Mamamatay akong hindi nakikita ang ningning ng bukang-liwayway sa aking Bayan! Kayong makakakita, salubungin ninyo siya, at huwag kalilimutan ang mga nabulid sa dilim ng gabi.† Today we are still balking for that versatile transformation that only us, FILIPINOS can do. Who else will have a â€Å"Rizalic† heart that will have the audacity to protract his bequest? Who else? Will it be the Americans? Or the Chinese? Will it be Koreans? No! We should impede contemplating on those foreigners, pioneer laboring for the betterment of our country. Now, let the light cover Luzon. Let the light cover the island of Visayas. Let it reign across Mindanao. And when our motherland is categorically blanketed with rays of light, only then our boon will emerge to bloom, conceiving a better society. Only then will Jose Rizal’s death would be worth it.

The Role and Influence of Mass Media

Topic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet (Kristin& Susan, 2002).Mass media is an efficient supporter in education, policy, entertainment, finance, and all other fields. One function of mass media is education. Mass media supplies an enormous source of documentaries on a wide range of topics such as animals, behavior, geography, history, or art (Kristin& Susan, 2002). The information is extremely helpful with students at any levels. Additionally, mass media contains many visual documentaries, which make learners easier to see and us e theories rather than only reading text.Secondly, there are many educational children’s programs like teaching children to count or recognize words, or introducing them to different societies and cultures (Kristin& Susan, 2002). There are also many programs which help parent to solve their kids’ problems. Fox example, the book â€Å"Good parent bad parenting†, which is published by Lulu. com publisher on February 2 in 2004, is one effective product of mass media which help parents to educate their children. The mass media is also a useful aid of policy. Almost all of politicians use the mass media to promote their positive images or political opinions.There is an example of using the mass media to advertise during his campaign of the United State President Barack Obama: The GOP group announced that they were going on air with a $25 million of advertising to buy in most of the major battleground states to counter a pro-Obama advertising campaign of the same amou nts (â€Å"Obama campaign,† 2012). Moreover, some ministries use the mass media to introduce new policy and to take feedback from the populace. For instance, the Vietnamese Ministry of Transport presented a new policy about taking fare of transport on Monday, January 1st 2012 (â€Å"The Ministry of transportation,† 2012).After a few days, they received many opinions among the public, which included positive and negative feedback so that they could correct this policy. Another important function of the mass media is entertainment. Since the development of the mass media, the entertainment industry has been more and more successful to approach the public. There are many entertainment programs available on TV, radio, or the Internet every day. The variety of entertainment programs make them suitable for all types of viewers. On TV nowadays, there are some special channels for people interested in travelling, discovering, cooking, shopping, etc.For example, cable TV has ne arly one hundred of channels of all fields, which are very useful. One type of the mass media, advertising, brings benefits to both entertainment industry and economy. All producers use advertisements to introduce their products to public with an aim to sell goods. However, with the dense appearance of advertisements, advertising can be seen as one type of entertainment. Besides the positive influence, there is so much negative influence of the mass media. Firstly, the mass media contains so much unsuitable content that affect badly everyone, especially the children.Some violent programs on TV or on the Internet make children aggressive and make them use violence to solve their problems exactly like what they have seen on the mass media. A recent review of sixty-seven studies that investigated the influence of TV violence on aggression in children found that three-quarters of the studies claimed to find some association(Kristin& Susan, 2002). One noticeable example about this issue is about the juvenile criminal named Le Van Luyen. He intended to kill four people in a family to rob their gold (â€Å"Le Van Luyen kill mercilessly,† 2011).His bloody crime was quite a disaster. However, it also has been available in mass media for a long time. Therefore, his images and crime were available on all types of mass media. This led to another terrible crime of a younger criminal named Dao Van Tai. He killed two people to rob property. When being asked by police, he admitted committing this crime by copying the crime of Le Van Luyen (â€Å"The second frightened murder,† n. d). Secondly, mass media sometimes invades people’s privacy. Celebrities and politicians are usually the victims because they receive more concern from society than others.The mass media industry sometimes uses private details to make profits rather than showing the full view of somebody’s live to the public; hence, mass media public their scandals or bad behaviour. These i nvasions are bad for their profession or even destroy their reputation. Mass media even is an origin of spreading out secret information of the government. Once the secret information is leaked out, it will be available all over the world rapidly through mass media. For example, the latest intelligence of the United States, which is flooded in all types of the mass media, is the secret information of the war in Afghanistan.The information really makes the United States nervous. Washington fears it may have lost even more highly sensitive material including an archive of tens of thousands of cable messages sent by US embassies around the world, reflecting arms deals, trade talks, secret meetings and uncensored opinion of other governments (â€Å"Afghanistan war log,† n. d). The mass media may contain misleading information, which has negative impact on the public. Since some information in the mass media is misreporting, misquoting, rumor, or exaggeration, people do not know w hich one is reliable; therefore, they waste time reading wrong information.That is so confusing! Mass media plays an important role in modern society. It can have positive influence on one side and negative impact on the other side. The public can not refuse its advantages by only seeing the disadvantages of the mass media. However, people must have an overlook to the mass media so that they can take advantages of mass media as much as they can! END WORDS COUNT: 994 REFERENCE LIST: 1. Book: Kristine, B. & Susan, H. (2002), Academic encounters- Life in the society, New York, Cambridge. 2. Web document:Afghanistan war logs story behind biggest leak in intelligence history (n. d). Retrieved July 5, 2010, from http://www. guardian. co. uk The second frightened murder in Vinh Phuc (n. d). Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www. kenh14. vn Obama campaign: Crossroads ad campaign is â€Å"dishonest† (2012), from http://www. pilitico. com The Ministry of transportation explain the reasons for fare of transport (2012). Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http://www. vneconomy Le Van Luyen killed mercilessly people (n. d). Retrieved November, 2011, from http://www. vnexpress. net